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1、备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）14说明文体类阅读理解【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的
2、含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说
3、明）等。【得分要点】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法
4、猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：The word secure in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_.A.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。二是看在进
5、一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于行星这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根
6、据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。2.根据因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是责备。3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：
7、But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为久旱，旱灾。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。4.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some o
8、ther kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。5.通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and wa
9、lks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。（三）构词法在阅读文
10、章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1.根据前缀猜测词义例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义半清醒的，半昏迷的。Im illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为有文化修养的
11、，通晓的，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指一窍不通，不知道的。2.根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示杀者，杀灭剂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为杀虫剂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示小的，词根drop指滴，滴状物。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义小滴，微滴。3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growing economic problems were high-light
12、ed by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是以强光照射，使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅
13、读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会
14、贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内
15、外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。【真题再现】 【2020·新高考全国卷I（山东），D】According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with
16、heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表
17、面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which i
18、ncreased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor too
19、k two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when
20、we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating ha
21、bits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A. B
22、ig eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weig
23、ht down.15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Accord
24、ing to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating
25、 with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the resear
26、chers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eatin
27、g habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。【题型演练】1Smart phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the ele
28、ctronic devices we use today are made of metal, plastic and glass. But electronics dont have to be. Sala de Medeiros and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world are working on paper-based electronics. But this new dev
29、ice is different from any other device. Its the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The users touch gives it all the power it needs to run.No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she discovered that high
30、 cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost materials.Teflon(聚四氟乙烯) is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar com-pounds(复合物) can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical but the one that was sup-
31、posed to do the best job didnt work at all. After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy special equipment that forbade any air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team placed a stencil(钢板) with the shape of a circuit
32、(电路) onto the back of the paper and sprayed on several layers of materials. Finally, the team flipped over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap
33、 of a finger. When youre typing we can create the energy by touching or rubbing.The electronic keypad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldnt easily get wet or dirty. It also should fit in your pocket.1. Which of the following is the unique feature of the new device?A. Its the first de
34、vice made of paper.B. It has little electricity or metal.C. It gets powered through touch.D. It has no trouble cleaning itself.2. Why did Teflon fail to work at first?A. It was exposed to the air.B. It was of low quality.C. It damaged the equipment.D. It kept food stuck to pots.3. What is the third
35、paragraph mainly about?A. The process of creating the device.B. The significance of the research.C. The application of the device.D. The way to develop Teflon.4. Which of the following can replace the underlined words “flipped over” in Para. 3?A. Cleaned up.B. Cut up.C. Held onto.D. Turned over.2We
36、talk a lot about air pollution. Here in Hong Kong we always complain about light pollution as well. Then, there is noise pollution. It's the same in many cities around the world, and in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, people have been complaining about the noise made by drivers who continu
37、ally sound their car horns (喇叭). That is until recently, when something was finally done about it.The Chief District Officer of Kathmandu had received many complaints about horn pollution. He said that everyone felt the use of the car horn in recent years had become excessive. Researchers in Kathman
38、du found that for about 80 percent of the time, it really was not necessary for drivers to use their car horns. Sounding the horn to make a noise had become more of a habit. It was no longer being used as it was supposed to be used: to warn people of danger.At the beginning of the Nepali New Year in
39、 2017, the local government passed a law to ban the use of car horns unless used correctly. Within six months, 11,000 fines had been collected by the local traffic police. The fine was about HK $360. A taxi driver in Kathmandu can make about HK $1,000 per day, so he could lose about one-third of his
40、 money if he broke the law.As usual, there were many complaints from drivers. They said that cows and dogs were free to walk on the roads. They always caused danger. Sounding a car horn was the only way to get them to move out of the way. And while there were quite a few traffic lights in the street
41、s of Kathmandu, very few of them worked. This meant there was often a traffic mess.The ban on using a car horn went ahead, and within a few weeks the streets of Nepal's capital were quieter even though they were still just as busy. Because of the ban, drivers are a little more careful when they
42、drive. Fewer accidents have been reported. The local government says the horn ban will now be copied in other areas of Nepal.5. What do Hong Kong and Kathmandu have in common?A. Both have been troubled by light pollution.B. Both have succeeded in fighting air pollution.C. Both have been faced with t
43、he problem of noise pollution.D. Both have received many complaints about horn pollution.6. What does the underlined word "excessive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Too much.B. Quite simple.C. Very correct.D. More dangerous.7. What will you find if you go to Kathmandu?A. No traffic lights in t
44、he streets can work.B. The traffic on the roads is usually very heavy.C. Animals are not allowed to walk on the streets.D. Drivers are required to drive on one-way streets.8. What can we guess about Kathmandu's horn ban?A. It is unfair.B. It is worrying.C. It is interesting.D. It is successful.3
45、We already know that salt can lead to heart disease. But could it also affect our mind? Scientists found that a high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice» and it could produce the same effect on humans.Costantino Iadecola, director of the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research the Instit
46、ute, said they fed the mice eight to sixteen times their normal salt intake and then tested the mice. After about three months, the mice had a big change in their behavior. Mice are very curious, and they like to look for new things. However, the tested mice lost the ability to identify a normal obj
47、ect. When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not remember where the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do daily, they, were unable to do so. The research suggested humans would experience a similar response.Studi
48、es have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each day, most of it coming from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt the average Australian eats each day could affect the brain function in the long term. However, the decline might not be a
49、s obvious as in the mice, who were given extremely high levels of salt. "But probably over years and perhaps decadesas opposed to a few months for the mouseeven lower levels of salt may have a terrible effect," Dr ladecola said.“High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the stomach, resulting in