《专练12 自然环保类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专练12 自然环保类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc（16页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）12自然环保类阅读理解【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 "人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。【得分要点】 1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？（1）寻找具体段落的中
2、心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：有一个话题（topic）；有阐述控制性概念（controlling idea）偶尔也可在一段中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。（2）寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。（3）典型错误：忽视文章的结构；混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；忽视文章表意的倾向性；漏掉了主要的特征词。2.怎样正确推理判断推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑
3、文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。（1）数据推断题解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。（2）知识推断题根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。（3）逻辑结论推断题根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。（4）对作者态度、倾向的推断题作者的倾向和感
4、情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。【真题再现】【2020·全国卷I，D】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city
5、experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perfor
6、m diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,
7、explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amoun
8、t needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would l
9、ast the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and offswitchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from
10、a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from va
11、rious workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing
12、 plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How
13、 do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown,
14、Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D
15、。33.细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing pla
16、nts could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power
17、 plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的
18、过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。【题型演练】1Greenland is the biggest island in the world. And the ice sheet that sits atop it is massive. “The pile of ice being so thick, it extends more than 10, 000 feet above the ocean. And if all that ice were to melt and go
19、 into the ocean, global sea levels would rise by 24 feet everywhere around the world,” said Jason Briner, a geologist at the University at Buffalo. The ice sheet is melting, of course. But just how much, compared to the past? Briners team did a computer simulation（模拟）of the southwest of the Greenlan
20、d ice sheet, which he says is a good proxy for ice melt across the entire ice sheet. The researchers plugged past climate data into that model to “ hindcast”, rather than forecast, the past activity of the ice sheet. They then checked the models predictions of the past shape and size of the ice shee
21、t by looking at piles of rocks and dirt on Greenland today, which outline the edges of ancient ice. And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation. Using that reconstruction of the ice sheet over time, the team could compare the ice sheets historic losses to those happening today
22、 under human-caused global warming. And they determined that Greenland is on track to lose more ice this century than during any century in the past 12, 000 years possibly four times as much. The results appear in the journal Nature. Ultimately its up to us how much ice actually melts. “Humanity has
23、 the button the carbon button and that button is going to influence the rates of ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet.” If the world goes net carbon zero by 2100, for example, Briner says ice loss could stop, entirely at the end of the century, according to one model. “That was what kept me from be
24、ing completely depressed about our study. ” Dozens of countries have already announced goals to go net carbon zero by the middle of this century so far the U. S. is not one of them.1. What does the underlined word “proxy” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Example.B. Recommendation.C. Combination.D. Interpr
25、etation.2. What do we learn from the computer simulation done by Briners team?A. It is conducted by predicting the activity of the ice sheet.B. It centers on ice melt throughout the entire ice sheet.C. It consists with the ice sheets actual circumstance.D. It shows the ice sheets losses are in decli
26、ne.3. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To arouse peoples interest in Greenland.B. To point out the importance of computer simulation.C. To emphasize the accuracy of the simulation.D. To appeal to America to go net carbon zero.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
27、A. America Causes the Ice Sheet to MeltB. Global Sea Levels Are RisingC. Greenland Is Melting FasterD. Man Can Conquer Nature【答案】1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。讲述了一项研究：纽约州立大学水牛城分校的地质学家布里纳的团队通过对格陵兰冰原西南部进行了一次计算机模拟发现，格陵兰岛在本世纪将失去的冰比过去12000年的任何一个世纪都要多，可能是过去的四倍。说明了格陵兰正在加速融化。1.词义猜测题。根据上文中“Briners team did
28、a computer simulation（模拟）of the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet, ”（Briner的团队做了一个格陵兰冰原冰盖西南部的计算机模拟），可以推测此处应该是指“这是对整个冰盖融化的一个很好的诠释/解释”，选项D Interpretation.“解释”符合文意。故选D。 2.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation.”（仿真结果与实际情况吻合较好。）选项C“It consist with the ice s
29、heet's actual circumstanc”（这与冰原的实际情况相符） 与文意一致，故选C。3.推理判断题。由最后一段中“ If the world goes net carbon zero by 2100, for example, Briner says ice loss could stop, entirely at the end of the century, according to one model. ”（比如说，如果到2100年全球的碳排放量达到零。布里纳说，根据一个模型，冰川融化可能会在本世纪末完全停止。）及最后一句“Dozens of countries
30、have already announced goals to go net carbon zero by the middle of this century so far the U. S. is not one of them.”（许多国家已经宣布了在本世纪中叶实现碳零排放的目标，但美国还没有达到这一目标。）可推知，本文的写作目的就是呼吁美国能实现碳零排放。故选D。4.主旨大意题。结合文章第二段中“Briners team did a computer simulation（模拟）of the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet, which he
31、says is a good proxy for ice melt across the entire ice sheet. ”（布里纳的团队做了一个格陵兰冰原冰盖西南部的计算机模拟，他说这是整个冰盖融化的很好的诠释。）及第二段最后一句“And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation.”（模拟结果与实际情况吻合）；第三段中“And they determined that Greenland is on track to lose more ice this century than during any c
32、entury in the past 12, 000 years possibly four times as much.”（他们断定格陵兰岛在本世纪将失去的冰比过去12000年的任何一个世纪都要多，可能是过去的四倍。）据此可知，全文说明了格陵兰岛的冰正在加速融化。故选C。2While orcas are known for their well-designed joint attacks on unsuspecting oceanic animals, they have never posed a threat to humans. However, since July 2020, t
33、he normally social animals have been intentionally attacking sailboats off the coasts of Spain. The unusual hostility is puzzling scientists worldwide.The strange behavior first surfaced on July 29, when Victoria Morris, a biology graduate, noticed nine orcas circling the 46 foot boat she was crewin
34、g near the shores of the Strait of Gibraltar. She was initially cheerful to see the friendly animals, with which she had numerous encounters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. However, that changed when the orcas started striking the boat repeatedly for almost an hour. “They almost turned the bo
35、at over and the deafening noise was terrifying,” she said.The continuous attacks broke the boat's automatic rudder, leaving the boat disabled. Spanish biologist Rocio Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grow from babies. I know their life stories. I've never seen or heard o
36、f attacks.”Since then, over 30 more similar incidents have been reported. Some researchers believe the orcas' unusual behavior could be a result of the overfishing of tunaorcas' primary food sourcewhich has left the area's orcas starving and unable to feed their babies. “I saw orcas look
37、 at boats carrying fish. The intelligent animals may know humans are somehow related to food shortages,” says Ken Balcomb, an American scientist.However, Alfredo Lopez a Spanish biology professor, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the orcas adopted to protect themselves against boat inju
38、ries. The researcher came to this conclusion after looking at the footage of a few incidents filmed on the scene and noticing that two of the young orcas involved had serious injuries. The scientist wasn't sure if the orcas were hurt during or before the recent boat encounters. Lopez said, “Our
39、interpretation is that they don't have the slightest intention of attacking people.” Hopefully, the experts will find a way to restore the harmony between the animals and humans soon.5. What does the underlined word “hostility” in paragraph 1 mean?A. Unfriendliness.B. Defence.C. Cooperation.D. I
40、mpatience.6. What do we know about Victoria Morris?A. Her major led her to anticipate orcas' intense attacks.B. She rarely spotted orcas when working as a sailing coach.C. Her joy gave way to fear after the orcas began attacking the boat.D. She was doing research on the shore when she caught sig
41、ht of nine orcas.7. What did Rocio Espada think of the orcas' behavior of attacking humans?A. Predictable.B. Abnormal.C. Unavoidable.D. Natural.8. Which of the following may Alfredo Lopez agree with?A. Orcas frequently get hurt by boats.B. Orcas enjoy playing tricks on humans.C. Orcas are punish
42、ing humans for overfishing.D. Orcas attack boats to safeguard against dangers.【答案】5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虎鲸从未对人类构成威胁。然而，自2020年7月以来，这种通常群居的动物一直在故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船。这种不寻常的敌意令全世界的科学家感到困惑。文章主要列举了专家对这一现象的看法和原因解析。5. 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“However, since July 2020, the normally social animals have been inte
43、ntionally attacking sailboats off the coasts of Spain.(然而，自2020年7月以来，这种通常群居的动物一直在故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船)”可知，自2020年7月以来虎鲸开始对人类不友好，故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船。故画线词意思为“不友好”。A. Unfriendliness.不友好；B. Defence.防御；C. Cooperation. 合作；D. Impatience.无耐心。故选A。6. 细节理解题。根据“She was initially cheerful to see the friendly animals, with which
44、 she had numerous encounters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. However, that changed when the orcas started striking the boat repeatedly for almost an hour. “They almost turned the boat over and the deafening noise was terrifying,” she said.(她最初很高兴看到这些友好的动物，她在新西兰教航海时曾与它们有过多次接触。然而，当虎鲸开始在近一小时的时间里
45、不断撞击船只时，情况发生了变化。“他们几乎把船弄翻了，震耳欲聋的声音很可怕，”她说)”可知，当虎鲸开始攻击她的船时，Victoria Morris的喜悦变成了恐惧。故选C。7. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Spanish biologist Rocio Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grow from babies. I know their life stories. I've never seen or heard of attacks.”(西班牙生物学家Rocio Espada说：“这太疯狂了。我看到这些
46、鲸鱼从小长大。我知道他们的生活故事。我从未见过或听说过它们会袭击人类。”)”可知，Rocio Espada认为虎鲸攻击人类的行为是反常的。故选B。8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, Alfredo Lopez a Spanish biology professor, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the orcas adopted to protect themselves against boat injuries.(然而，西班牙生物学教授Alfredo Lopez认为，这些攻击是虎鲸为了保护自己免受船只伤害而采取
47、的预防性措施)”以及“Lopez said, “Our interpretation is that they don't have the slightest intention of attacking people.”(Lopez说：“我们的解释是，他们没有丝毫攻击人的意图。”)”可推知，D选项“虎鲸攻击船只以防范危险”的观点Alfredo Lopez可能会认同。故选D。3The New South Wales government used planes to drop more than 4,000 pounds of carrots and sweet potatoes,
48、to the forests which are damaged by the recent wildfires. The fires are reported to have killed more than a billion wild animals and destroyed a land of more than 84 thousand square kilometersabout twice the size of Maryland. What is worse, most Australians are worrying about when the wildfires will
49、 be fully put out.“The home of several important wallabies (沙袋鼠) was burnt in the recent fires,” New South Wales Environment Minister Matt Kean said on Sunday. Kean said the drops are what wallabies need. The plan is designed to help wallabies and allow them to recover.Fire seasons often take place in the country, but this year the fires have been quite de