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1、2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glanc
2、e this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a
3、 judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depen
4、d on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration
5、. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series
6、 of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1
7、.A grantsB submitsC transmitsD delivers2.A minorB externalC crucialD objective3.A issueB visionC pictureD moment4.A Above all B On averageC In principleD For example5.A fondB fearfulC capableD thoughtless6.A inB forC toD on7.A ifB untilC thoughD unless8.A test B emphasizeC shareD promote9.A decision
8、B qualityC statusD success10.A found B studiedC chosenD identified11.A otherwise B defensibleC replaceableD exceptional 12.A inspiredB expressedC conductedD secured13.A assignedB ratedC matchedD arranged14.A putB gotC tookD gave15.A insteadB thenC everD rather16.A selectedB passedC markedD introduce
9、d17.A belowB afterC aboveD before18.A jumpB floatC fluctuateD drop19.A achieveB undoC maintainD disregard20.A necessaryB possibleC promisingD helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark you
10、r answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater desce
11、nded over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year
12、 indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more pro
13、fit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposablemeant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,
14、shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural re
15、sources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, sh
16、e finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a yearabout 64 items per personand no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothesand beautif
17、ully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection lineCline believes
18、lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA la
19、ck of imagination.B poor bargaining skill.C obsession with high fashion.D insensitivity to fashion.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shop for their garments more frequently.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shut out the feverish fashion
20、 world.23. The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C Pricing is v
21、ital to environment-friendly purchasing.D People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2 An old saying h
22、as it that half of all advertising budgets are wastedthe trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy. In t
23、he past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) propo
24、sed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT; Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DA
25、A) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick w
26、ith default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he sa
27、ys. “Theyll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.” It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are st
28、icking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almo
29、st wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lync
30、h, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers toA lower their operational costs.B ease competition among themselves.C avoid complaints from consu
31、mers.D provide better online services.27. “The industry” (Para.3) refers toA online advertisers.B e-commerce conductors.C digital information analysts.D internet browser developers.28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA goes against human nature.B fails to affect the ad industry.C will
32、 not benefit consumers.D may cut the number of junk ads.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?A Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.B DNT may not serve its intended purpose.C DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.D Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30
33、. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one ofA appreciation.B understanding.C indulgence.D skepticism.Text 3 Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largelythough by no means uniformlyglowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills
34、 of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all. Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has litt
35、le future to look forward to. But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of yearsso why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if no
36、t hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no ma
37、jor threats resulting in an overall population decline.” So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still
38、be marking time thousands of years hence. Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fictio
39、n writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds t
40、he key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects see
41、m more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for live
42、s of fulfillment.B our faith in science and technology.C our awareness of potential risks.D our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCNs “Red List” suggests that human beings areA a misplaced race.B a sustained species.C the worlds dominant power.D a threat to the environment.33. Which of the follo
43、wing is true according to Paragraph 5?A The interest in science fiction is on the rise.B Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.C Technology offers solutions to social problems.D Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA draw on our e
44、xperience from the past.B adopt an optimistic view of the world.C explore our planets abundant resources.D curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of
45、 MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrat
46、ions effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony