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1、2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a s
2、tudy, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .
3、While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared
4、 in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar frien
5、ds 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.T
6、he findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 1.A whatB wh
7、yC howD when2.A defendedB concludedC withdrawnD advised3.A forB withC byD on4.A separatedB soughtC comparedD connected5.A testsB objectsC samplesD examples6.A insignificantB unexpectedC unreliableD incredible7.A visitB missC knowD seek8.A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9.A againB alsoC insteadD
8、thus10.A MeanwhileB FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps11.A aboutB toC fromD like12.A limitB observeC confuseD drive13.A according toB rather thanC regardless ofD along with14.A chancesB responsesC benefitsD missions15.A fasterB slowerC laterD earlier16.A forecastB remember C expressD understand17.A unpr
9、edictableB contributoryC controllableD disruptive18.A tendencyB decisionC arrangementD endeavor19.A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20.A seeB showC proveD tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
10、 C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. S
11、o, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly
12、polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the m
13、ost monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public fi
14、gure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of risin
15、g inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and r
16、ide bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the B
17、ritish royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the w
18、orld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the fir
19、st two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainAused to enjoy high public support.Bwas unpopular among European royals.Ceased his relationship with his rivals.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyAowing to their undoubted and respectable status.Bto a
20、chieve a balance between tradition and reality.Cto give voters more public figures to look up to.Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?AAristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.BThe role of the nobility in mod
21、ern democracies.CThe simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because CharlesAtakes a tough line on political issues.Bfails to change his lifestyle as advised.Ctakes republicans as his potential allies.Dfail
22、s to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?ACarlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedBCharles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneCCarlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsDCharles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constituti
23、on protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the ol
24、d assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the
25、 implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, sa
26、y, going through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading hist
27、ory, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices i
28、s increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it
29、would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while wa
30、iting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin
31、Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sor
32、t out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toAsearch for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized. Cprevent suspects from deleting their phon
33、e contents.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofAtolerance. Bindifference.Cdisapproval. Dcautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable toAgetting into ones residence.Bhandling ones hist
34、orical records.Cscanning ones correspondences.Dgoing through ones wallet.29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatAprinciples are hard to be clearly expressed.Bthe court is giving police less room for action.Cphones are used to store sensitive information. Dcitizens privacy is not
35、 effectively protected.30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatAthe Constitution should be implemented flexibly.Bnew technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be alte
36、red.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irrepr
37、oducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Ma
38、nuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the cha
39、nge, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician a
40、t the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not on
41、ly be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Mo
42、st journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, t
43、he Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should
44、 improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on
45、 the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place.”31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 thatAScience intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dl
46、ack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning toAfound. Brevised. Cmarked. Dstored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peers.Bmeet with strong opposition.Cincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowAadds to researchers workload.Bdiminishes the role of reviewers.Chas room for further improvement.Di