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1、2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in whi
2、ch all payments are made electronically. 1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very
3、3 of money itself,” only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7
4、 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several day
5、s of “float”it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of paym
6、ent may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic
7、 payments systems and 17 from someone elses accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of person
8、al data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. A MoreoverB HoweverC Therefore D Otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B concept C history D role4. A reverse B resist C resume D reward5. A silent
9、B sudden C slow D steady6. A for B against C with D on7. A expensive B imaginative C sensitive D productive8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant9. A collect B copyC provide D print10. A give up B take over C bring back D pass down11. A before B after C since D when12. A kept B borrowed C wi
10、thdrawn D released13. A Unless B Because C UntilD Though14. A hide B express C easeD raise15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed16. A unsafe B unnatural C unclear D uncommon17. A steal B choose C benefit D return18. A consideration B prevention C manipulation D justification19. A call for B fi
11、ght against C adapt to D cope with20. A chunk B chip C trailD pathSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in A
12、merica,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidsons
13、 article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in
14、 both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just
15、 wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extratheir unique value contribution that makes t
16、hem stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70
17、years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobsabout 6 million in totaldisappeared.”There will always be changenew jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to
18、have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has a
19、ccess to post-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate .A the impact of technological advancesB the alleviation of job pressureC the shrinkage of textile millsD the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to .A
20、adopt an average lifestyleB work on cheap softwareC ask for a moderate salaryD contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that .A gains of technology have been erasedB job opportunities are disappearing at a high speedC factories are making much less money than beforeD new
21、jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is .A to accelerate the I. T. revolutionB to advance economic globalizationC to ensure more education for peopleD to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the m
22、ost appropriate title for the text?A Technology Goes Cheap.B New Law Takes Effect.C Recession Is Bad.D Average Is Over.Text 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came t
23、hose who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickna
24、me, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broke
25、n immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriv
26、ing in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of
27、work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can
28、be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle.
29、 Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26. “Birds of passage” refers to t
30、hose who .A stay in a foreign country temporarilyB leave their home countries for goodC immigrate across the AtlanticD find permanent jobs overseas27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US .A needs new immigrant categoriesB has loosened control over immigrantsC s
31、hould be adapted to meet challengesD has been fixed via political means28. According to the author, todays birds of passage want .A financial incentivesB a global recognitionC the freedom to stay and leaveD opportunities to get regular jobs29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today shou
32、ld be treated .A as faithful partnersB with legal toleranceC with economic favorsD as mighty rivals30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .A Come and Go: Big MistakeB Living and Thriving: Great RiskC With or Without: Great RiskD Legal or Illegal: Big mistakeText 3Scientists have found
33、 that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerou
34、s, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like
35、neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to
36、 do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer
37、 products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their
38、biasesor hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to hi
39、s island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our da
40、ys contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may .A predetermine the accuracy of our judgmentB
41、 prove the complexity of our brain reactionC depend on the importance of the assessmentD vary according to the urgency of the situation 32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions .A can be associativeB are not unconsciousC can be dangerousD are not impulsive33. To reverse the neg
42、ative influences of snap decisions, we should .A trust our first impressionB think before we actC do as people usually doD ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on .A critical assessmentB “thin sliced” studyC adequate informationD sensible explanation35. T
43、he authors attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is .A tolerantB optimisticC uncertainD doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top
44、corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 per cent of positions on European corporate boards.The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of womenup to 60 per cent. This proposed mandate was
45、born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goals of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we nee
46、d quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?“Personally, I dont like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” accord
47、ing to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Redings reluctanceand her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one c