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1、2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the
2、 contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, w
3、alking or jogging does. 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conce
4、ivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual's emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of t
5、he 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of W
6、2;rzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracte
7、d in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1. A amongB exceptC despiteD like2. A reflectB demandC indicateD produce3. A stabilizingB boostingC impairingD determining4. A transmitB sustainC evalu
8、ateD observe5. A measurableB manageableC affordableD renewable6. A In turnB In factC In additionD In brief7. A oppositeB impossibleC averageD expected8. A hardensB weakensC tightensD relaxes9. A aggravateB generateC moderateD enhance10. A physicalB mentalC subconsciousD internal11. A Except forB Acc
9、ording toC Due toD As for12. A withB onC inD at13. A unlessB untilC if D because14. A exhaustsB followsC precedesD suppresses15. A intoB fromC towardsD beyond16. A fetchB biteC pickD hold17. A disappointedB excitedC joyfulD indifferent18. A adaptedB cateredC turnedD reacted19. A suggestingB requirin
10、gC mentioningD supposing20. A EventuallyB ConsequentlyC SimilarlyD ConverselySection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York
11、Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided c
12、lassical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”
13、As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.
14、To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from i
15、Tunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also
16、with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The wid
17、espread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely no
18、ted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Ph
19、ilharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilberts appointment hasA incurred criticism. B raised suspicion.C received acclaim. D aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini rega
20、rds Gilbert as an artist who isA influential. B modest.C respectable. D talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances.B reject most kinds of recorded performances.C exaggerate the variety of live performances.D overestimate the value of live
21、 performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?A They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B They are easily accessible to the general public.C They help improve the quality of music.D They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilberts role in
22、 revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA doubtful. B enthusiastic.C confident. D puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and sa
23、id he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving
24、without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were loo
25、king for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of r
26、ecovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspir
27、ing leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I cant think of a singl
28、e search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Inter
29、net-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be
30、between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described
31、as beingA arrogant. B frank.C self-centered. D impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred byA their expectation of better financial status.B their need to reflect on their private life.C their strained relations with the boards.D their pursuit of new career goa
32、ls.28. The word “poached”（Paragraph 4）most probably meansA approved of. B attended to.C hunted for. D guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA top performers used to cling to their posts.B loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C top performers care more about rep
33、utations.D its safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs: Where to Go?B CEOs: All the Way Up?C Top Managers Jump without a NetD The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what yo
34、u paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” mediasuch as television commercials and print advertisementsstill play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a
35、 company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Pai
36、d and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid mediafor instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web s
37、ite. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels
38、 and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities t
39、o learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passiona
40、te consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of s
41、ocial networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the com
42、panys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to
43、 engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality product
44、s.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media featureA a safe business environment. B random competition.C strong user traffic. D flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts wi
45、th passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boyc
46、otting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I Love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatternothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than conc