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1、2023新高考新教材版英语高考第二轮复习 专题八主旨要义Passage 1When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier （冰川）on the Swiss Alps Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanches （崩塌）critical characterist
2、ics.Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infra
3、sound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. 44This was different,Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up usi
4、ng detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But collapse-sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glaciers main bodyis a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapse drives ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken larg
5、e fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break-offs,M says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapse.Researchers often use
6、radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break-off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challeng
7、ing, however, to separate a signal into its components （such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes） without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this. she says. Isolating the relev
8、ant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanches speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to b
9、etter understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascades physical details.1 .What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A.Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.B.Ice avalanches are
10、 a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.C.Researchers are trying to use infrasound for detecting ice avalanches.Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.2 .Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?A.The combination with other relevant signals.B.The ac
11、curacy in locating a certain avalanche.C.The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.D.The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.3 .The underlined word this in Paragraph 4 refers to .A.distinguishing different components of a signalB.detecting multiple avalanches at the same timeC.calcul
12、ating the speed and path of ice avalanchesD.monitoring the specific location of ice break-offs4 . Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.From Fire to IceB.Glacier WhispersC.Nature is WarningD.Secret of Ice Avalanches答案语篇解读次声是一种低频音波，科学家们正在致力于利用次声来监测冰J11崩塌。l .c主旨要义题。第二、三段的关键词
13、是次声(infrasound)和冰崩(ice avalanches),在第三段最后一句中 提到“科学家们找寻新方法来监测冰崩”，这些新方法中的一种就是利用次声。2 .C细节理解题。第四段的前两句将雷达和次声进行了对比，比起雷达，用次声更加便宜且探测范围更大(can detect break-off events around a much broader area)03 .A推测词义题。this指代前面出现的事物，前句中提到“It is challenging, however, tejjeparatesignaL intoits3mponeg”，这与A项要表达的意思一致。4 .B主旨要义题。
14、文章主要介绍科学家利用次声监测冰川崩塌.B项中的Glacier与冰川对应，而Whispers则与声音（次声）呼应。Passage 2Last year scientists reported using a neural implant （神经植入物）in a mans brain to restore his ability to communicate. The man has been partially paralyzed and unable to produce comprehensible speech since suffering a severe stroke. It is
15、 the latest advance in the exploding field of brain-computer interfaces （接口）, or BCIs, which allow computers to read information out of a living brain.Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific fe
16、atures of your physical feelings and intended actions. And crucially, the basic set of brain maps and their locations within the brain are very similar across individuals.Thanks to their specialized functions and universal locations, brain maps are ideal entry points for BC1 technologies. Picking up
17、 signals from a brain map is only the first step in making a useful BCI. Although the location of a brain map is the same across individuals, the detailswhat patterns of activity within the map mean-differ from person to person. In a sense, the unique features of your specific brain maps serve as a
18、kind of encryption （力口密），safeguarding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They
19、 train these programs to decode（解码）brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.While the universal features
20、 and locations of brain maps make them obvious entrances for BCIs, the unique features of your brain maps tend to protect them from spying eyes. In cases where BCIs have successfully read specific thoughts or intentions from a brain, it has been with the permission of the individual whose brain was
21、being read. But there are surreptitious ways to train decoders on your brain without your knowledge. This can happen if your neural data falls into the hands of companies with detailed information about your activities.Like all technologies, brain-computer interfaces are not necessarily good or bad.
22、 Yet while harvesting the benefits of BCIs, we need to ensure that we have the means to protect ourselves from corporations with every motive to take advantage of this technology for their financial gain.1 .What can we learn about brain maps?A.They carry unique messages.B.They can process encrypted
23、signals.C.Their functions vary from person to person.D.Their locations reveal human thinking patterns.2 .What can we infer from the passage?A.BCIs can boost brain signals dramatically.B.BCIs could help recover from brain injuries.C.Machine learning enables BCIs to read mind.D.The decoding of the bra
24、in may be affected by BCIs.3 .What does the underlined word “surreptitious“ in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Secure.B.Stable.C.Standard. D.Secret.4 .What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The future trend of BCIs.B.The potential risks of BCIs.C.The working principle of BCIs.D.The general applicatio
25、ns of BCIs.林宏语篇解读BCI是一种连接大脑与电脑的接口，它允许计算机读取活体大脑中的信息.1 .A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. EaehurepresenJ&specifitieaiures of your physical feelings and intended actions.”和第三段中的“In a sense,由 unique菱则毁_oyQUTJi陷ificbiainmaps serve as a kind of encryption, safegu
26、arding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.“可知，大脑地图承载着独特的信息。2 .C 推理判断题。根据第四段中的Than据 t。advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode brain signals by feeding t
27、hem tons of examples.”可知，机器学习使 BCI 能够读BA脑。3 .D推测词义题。画线词所在句子中出现了 without your knowledge,指“在你不知情的情况下”，因此那 些方法应该是秘密的(secret)。4 .C主旨要义题。本篇文章主要阐述了 BCI是如何读取大脑中的信息的，即BCI的工作原理。Passage 3Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to mislead, have had a
28、 growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive. Yet there is profound disagreement about
29、 what to teach.Some approaches teach students to distinguish the quality of the information in part by learning how responsible journalism is. Yet some scholars argue that these methods overstate journalism and do little to cultivate critical thinking skills. Other approaches teach students methods
30、for evaluating the credibility of news and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What encouraged them to create it and why? But even if these approaches teach students specific skills well, some experts argue that determining credibil
31、ity of the news is just the first step. Once students figure out if its true or false, what is the other assessment and the other analysis they need to do?Worse still, some approaches to media literacy education not only dont work but might actually backfire by increasing students skepticism about t
32、he way the media work. Students may begin to read all kinds of immoral motives into everything. It is good to educate students to challenge their assumptions, but its very easy for students to go from healthy critical thinking to unhealthy skepticism and the idea that everyone is lying all the time.
33、To avoid these potential problems, broad approaches that help students develop mindsets in which they become comfortable with uncertainty are in need. According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-
34、and-white thinkersthey think there are right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is to get students to the next leve
35、l-that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the world is messy, and that5s okay. They have these fundamental approaches to gathering knowledge that they can accept, but they still value uncertainty.Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more
36、 studies will be needed for researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what doesnt over the long term. Education scholars need to take an ambitious step forward,M says Howard Schneider, director of The Center for News Literacy at Stony Brook University.1 .As for media liter
37、acy education, what is the authors major concern?A.How to achieve its goal.B.How to measure its progress.C.How to avoid its side effects.D.How to promote its importance.2 .What does the underlined word “incentive“ in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Importance.B.Variety.C.Motivation.D.Benefit.3 .The auth
38、or mentions stages of learning in Paragraph 4 mainly to .A.compare different types of thinkingB.evaluate students9 mind developmentC.explain a theory of educational psychologyD.stress the need to raise students, thinking levels4. Which would be the best title for this passage?A.Media Literacy Educat
39、ion: Much Still RemainsB.Media Literacy Education: Schools Are to BlameC.Media Literacy Education: A Way to Identify False InformationD.Media Literacy Education: A Tool for Testing Critical Thinking答案语篇解读作者就如何实现媒介素养教育目标、帮助学生适应不确定性提出了不同的方法。1 .A 细节理解题。由第一段第二、三句One tool that schools can use to deal wit
40、h this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive.”可知作者最关心的是如何实现媒介素养教育的目标青少年学生如何评估和 批判性地思考他们收到的信息。2 .C推测词义题。想让学生评估新闻和信息来源的可信度，可以让他们通过确定那些来源的. 确定来源的重要性(importance)、多样性(variety)和优势(benefit)都无法与可
41、信度匹配，而确定来源的动机 (motivation),清楚发布这些新闻和信息的目的才有可能识别其是否可信，故选C.3 .D推理判断题。本段中提到学生会经历不同的学习阶段,继而详细阐述了每个阶段的不同并且体现 出各阶段的进阶性。接着便提到“With media literacy education, theaimisggeLStudent&lQJhencxL.level.”,这说明提高学生思维水平是非常有必要的，故选D。4 .A主旨要义题。本文围绕着Media Literacy Education展开,且文章最后一段第一句指出，学校在通过 媒介素养教育帮助学生成长方面还有很长的路要走。Passa
42、ge 4The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproducein a way not seen in plants and animals. The xenobot is formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name.“Frogs have a way of reproduc
43、ing that they normally use, but when you liberate the stem cells from the embryo (胚胎)and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce, said Michael Levin, a professor of
44、biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of the new research.Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop.“Most people think of robo
45、ts as being made of metal, but its not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which acts on its own on behalf of people,said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. In that way, its a robot, but its also c
46、learly an organism made from frog cells.The researchers found that the xenobots could replicate （自我复制）.But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replicationa process that is known to occur at the molecular （分子的）level.With the help of artificial intelligenc
47、e, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, a
48、nd a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobots.“AI didnt program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape J Bongard said. The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to
49、 speed up this incredibly surprising process.The xenobots are very early technology-think of a 1940s computer-and dont yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things