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1、With结构的讲解与训练With结构知识要点With结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 1. with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1)with或without-名词/代词+形
2、容词; 2)with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3)with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4)with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式; 5)with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例: She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语) With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) The master was walking up and down with the rul
3、er under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with +名词+不定式,作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 + 不定式,作条件状语) She fell asleep with th
4、e light burning.(with+名词+现在分词 ,作伴随状语) Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语) 2. with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如 I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. From space the earth looks like a huge wate
5、r-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 3. with结构的特点 (1) with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系,而在逻辑上,却具有主谓关系,也就是说,可以用第一部分作主语,第二部分作谓语,构成一个句子。例如: With him taken care of,we felt qui
6、te relieved.(欣慰)(He was taken good care of.) She fell asleep with the light burning. (The light was burning.) With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. (Her hair was gone.) (2)在with结构中,第一部分为人称代词时,则该用宾格代词。例如: He could not finish it without me to help him. 疑难突破 1. with结构在句子中的位置 with 结构在句中作状语,
7、表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面,并用逗号与句子分开;表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面,不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语,则放在所修饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号隔开。 2. with结构作状语时,不定式、现在分词 、和过去分词的区别 在with结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表示主动,但是不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作;过去分词表示被动或完成。 例如:With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已领过路) With the boy to lead the way,we will f
8、ind the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天将领路) He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寝室被关着) 3. with结构与一般的with短语的区别with结构具有上述功能和特点,而介词with+名词或代词(组)组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时,它能表示动作的方式、原因,但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中,with后面所跟的不是复合结构,也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。 4. with结构与独立主格结构的关系 with结构属于独立主格结构,但在结构上,with结构由介词wi
9、th或without引导,名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰,结构较松散;而独立主格结构没有with或without引导,结构严密,名词前可用可不用修饰语。在句法功能上,with结构可以作定语,独立主格结构则不能;独立主格结构通常在句中作状语,但也可以作主语,而with结构则不能。 独立主格在口语中不常用,往往由一个从句代替,而with结构较口语化,较常用。例如 There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.(with+复合宾语结构,在句中作定语) A strong man working a whole
10、day could not jump this high.(名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构,作主语) The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(独立主格结构,表示伴随状况或行为方式,作状语) Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作状语,表示伴随情况) board, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词
11、+过去分词,作为原因状语) 即学即练1.The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied2. Now that weve discussed out the problem, are people happy with the decisions_? A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take3. _ production up by 60 % , the company has had ano
12、ther excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 4. _two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend. A. Besides B. With C. As for D. Because of 5.When mother went into the house, she found her baby was sleeping in bed, _ his lips moving. A. as B. with C. for D. through6.-You
13、should have prepared your speech for the meeting , Mrs Smith . -Yes, I know .But how could I _the meeting date fixed so soon . A. while B. as C. after D. with 直击模拟1. (2014 石家庄市高三模拟五28)_ more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out . A. As B. For C. With D
14、. By2.(2014南京市高三模拟试题四27)Many large cities, such as Liverpool and New York , have had experiments of this kind, _ old factories turned into successful art centers. A. for B. with C .as D .like 3.(2014九江模拟四29)_so much homework to do , I wont have time to go to see the film tonight. A. With B. To C. Fo
15、r D. In4. (2014江苏模拟三27)_and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor s help to end her life . A .Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cure C . There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure5.(2014南昌模拟六24)John starts to work very c
16、learly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _ a break at midday . A. for B. with C. in D. as6.(2014萍乡模拟三26)It was cold outside , the boy ran into the room _ his nose red. A. to B. on C. in D. with(2014黄冈模拟五29)(2014_all the representatives (代表)still not there , the meeting w
17、as postponed for several months. A. Without B. With C. By D. BecauseWith结构 即学即练1.D。由于本句中的名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动语法关系,因此用过去分词,故选D。2.C。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为:现在,我们已经讨论了问题,人们最满意这个决定吗? take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系,故用过去分词表示被动。3.C。本题考查介词with的复合结构“with + n / pron + prep. phrase(介词短语)”的用法。“as”作为连词,意为“因为、由于”,其后必
18、须跟从句;作为介词,意为“作为”,从语法和句意方面都不能用。而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在这里应用with,意思是“因为、由于”。 句意是:由于生产(产品)上升了60% ,这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。4.B。这道题也是考查介词with复合结构用法的。从句子的结构看这里必须要填一个介词,而不能填连词,“as for” 意思是“至于、关于”;because of意思是“由于、因为”,其后不能跟复合结构,所以不能选择C和D。在所给的选项中只有with才符合构成“ with + n / pron + to do ”结构。句意是:由于担心这两门考试,本周末我得真的用功了。5.
19、B。 该题是考查介词短语用作状语用法的。“as”作为连词,意为“因为、由于”,其后必须跟从句;作为介词,意为“作为”,从语法和句意方面都不符合;而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在所给的选项当中,只有with才可以构成这一复合结构,用作表示伴随情况的状语,故选B。句意是:当妈妈走进房子的时候,她发现自己的孩子正睡在床上,嘴唇一直在动。6.D。在所给的选项当中,只有as与with有“由于、因为” 之意,而as是连词,其后必须跟从句,所以不能用在这里。只有with符合这一用法,构成复合结构,用作表示原因的状语,代词I之后省略了动词prepare。句意是:因为会议日期确定的太快
20、了,我还没有准备好。直击模拟 1.C。此题考查with复合结构“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”的用法,在这里表示原 因。as和for常常引导的是一个表示原因的句子,而介词by显然没有这种用法。句意是:由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏,一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。2.B。本题也是考查with复合结构用法的,表示一种伴随情况。介词for与as 虽具有“由于、因为” 之意,但其后要跟从句,like没有“由于、因为” 之意,应该排除A、C、D,答案是B。句意是:随着旧工厂被成功地改制为艺术中心,许多大城市(如利物浦和纽约)都做着这方面的尝试。3.A。这里用介词 with的复合结构作状语表
21、示原因,而to、for、in则没有这种复合结构用法,故排除B、C、D,答案是B。句意是:由于有许多家庭作业要去做,今晚我没有时间去看电影了。4.B。此题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。逗号前的内容作状语,该部分是由介词with构成的短语及现在分词短语suffering from the terrible disease构成的,介词with有两个宾语,分别是 no hope for cure和 no way to reduce her pain。句意是:这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的方法,她饱受疾病煎熬,于是请求大夫结束她的生命。5.B。此题考查介词短语作状语。即“with + n
22、 / pron + prep. phrase” 。句意是:约翰早上开始工作,中午稍作休息后又接着工作到下午稍晚些时候。6.D。这个句子是考查with 的复合结构用法的,用with +名词(nose)+形容词(red)作状语表示伴随情况。而to、on 、in 作为介词则没有这种用法,故排除A、B、C,答案为D。句意是:外面天气很冷,那个男孩跑进了屋子时,鼻子红红的。7.B。这里应填入一个介词结构以表示原因或状态,而在所给的选项中without 具有否定意义,不能用在这里;by则表示方式、手段等;because后则要跟从句,只有with具有这种用法,所以选B。句意是:在代表仍然不在场的情况下,会议被推迟了。 4