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1、跨文化交际第1页，此课件共37页哦第2页，此课件共37页哦第3页，此课件共37页哦第4页，此课件共37页哦Barriers to Cross-cultural CommunicationStereotypes EthnocentrismPrejudice第5页，此课件共37页哦 Some years ago,several international businessmen were on a Some years ago,several international businessmen were on a conference cruise when the ship began to s
2、ink.“Go tell those fellows conference cruise when the ship began to sink.“Go tell those fellows to put on life jackets and jump overboard,”the captain directed his first to put on life jackets and jump overboard,”the captain directed his first mate.mate.A few minutes later the first mate returned.“T
3、hose guys wont A few minutes later the first mate returned.“Those guys wont jump,”he reported.jump,”he reported.“Take over,”the captain ordered,“and Ill see what I can do.”“Take over,”the captain ordered,“and Ill see what I can do.”Returning moments later,he announced,“Theyre gone.”Returning moments
4、 later,he announced,“Theyre gone.”“Howd you do it?”asked the first mate.“Howd you do it?”asked the first mate.“I told different things to different people.I told the Englishman it was“I told different things to different people.I told the Englishman it was the sporting thing to do,and he jumped.I to
5、ld the Frenchman it was the sporting thing to do,and he jumped.I told the Frenchman it was _1 1_;the German that it was a command;the Italian that it _;the German that it was a command;the Italian that it was_was_2 2_;the Russian that it was_;the Russian that it was_3 3_;so they all jumped _;so they
6、 all jumped overboard.”overboard.”“And how did you get the American to jump?”“And how did you get the American to jump?”“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was_“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was_4 4_!”_!”1.chic 2.forbidden 3.revolutionary 4.insured 1.chic 2.forbidden 3.revolut
7、ionary 4.insured 第6页，此课件共37页哦Stereotypesa form of generalization about some group ofpeople.A generalization that goes beyond the existingevidence,an inaccurate or overgeneralization.general ideas of a person without taking the whole person into account 第7页，此课件共37页哦Positive stereotypesmembers of cert
8、ain group have good qualitiesNegative stereotypesmembers of the group have undesirablecharacteristics.第8页，此课件共37页哦What is stereotyping?labels or categories to describe othersbased on such characteristics as clothing,looks,the way a person talksmake assumptions about groups of people they dont even k
9、now第9页，此课件共37页哦Areas of stereotypingAgeAgeSex Sex Sexual preference Sexual preference Race Race ReligionReligion Profession Profession NationalityNationalityEducation Education PlacesPlaces ThingsThings 第10页，此课件共37页哦Examples a)All the students in PE Dept.are a)All the students in PE Dept.are b)All p
10、oliticians are b)All politicians are c)All female doctor holders are c)All female doctor holders are d)All Harvard graduates are d)All Harvard graduates are e)All rich men e)All rich men f)All university/college teachers are f)All university/college teachers are g)Her boyfriend is from the north,so
11、he must be g)Her boyfriend is from the north,so he must be h)His grandfather is a history professor,so he must be h)His grandfather is a history professor,so he must be i)He drives BMW,so he must bei)He drives BMW,so he must be第11页，此课件共37页哦第12页，此课件共37页哦第13页，此课件共37页哦第14页，此课件共37页哦第15页，此课件共37页哦第16页，此课件
12、共37页哦Once upon a time a monkey decided to leave the forest andOnce upon a time a monkey decided to leave the forest andexplore the great,wide world.He traveled to the city and saw explore the great,wide world.He traveled to the city and saw many strange and wonderful things but finally he decided to
13、 many strange and wonderful things but finally he decided to return home.Back in the forest his friends and relatives return home.Back in the forest his friends and relatives gathered around.“Well,”they cried,“what did you see?”gathered around.“Well,”they cried,“what did you see?”“I saw buildings ma
14、de of concrete and glass.Buildings so high“I saw buildings made of concrete and glass.Buildings so high that they touched the sky,”said the monkey.And all his that they touched the sky,”said the monkey.And all his friends and relatives imagined glass branches scratching the friends and relatives ima
15、gined glass branches scratching the sky.“The buildings were full of people walking on two legs sky.“The buildings were full of people walking on two legs and carrying briefcases,”said the monkey.And his friends and and carrying briefcases,”said the monkey.And his friends and relatives could almost s
16、ee the people running along the relatives could almost see the people running along the branches with their tails wrapped firmly around their branches with their tails wrapped firmly around their briefcases.briefcases.第17页，此课件共37页哦Reflections What is your opinion of stereotyping?Is there anyone with
17、out stereotypes at all?Why?What will you do if stereotyped?第18页，此课件共37页哦The damaging effect of stereotypes in cross-cultural communication to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be.not be.to assume that a widely held belief
18、 is true of any one to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual.individual.The stereotype can become a“self-fulfilling prophecy”The stereotype can become a“self-fulfilling prophecy”for the person stereotyped.for the person stereotyped.When stereotypes lead us to interpret an in
19、dividuals When stereotypes lead us to interpret an individuals behaviour from the perceptual screen of the behaviour from the perceptual screen of the stereotype they impede communication.stereotype they impede communication.第19页，此课件共37页哦How to reduce or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural commu
20、nication?Be careful of jumping to conclusionsBe careful of jumping to conclusionsFocus on every person as an individual.Focus on every person as an individual.Take a more humble and tentative attitudeTake a more humble and tentative attitude Respect the target culture Respect the target culturebe mo
21、re tolerant of the different customsbe more tolerant of the different customs to neutralize stereotypesto neutralize stereotypes 第20页，此课件共37页哦Ethnocentrism The belief that the customs and practices ofThe belief that the customs and practices ofones own culture are superior to those of ones own cultu
22、re are superior to those of other culturesother cultures Cultures tell us what is right and wrong.Cultures tell us what is right and wrong.Ethnocentrism is a learned belief in cultural superiority.Ethnocentrism is a learned belief in cultural superiority.highlight and exaggerate cultural differences
23、 highlight and exaggerate cultural differencestheir own customs as the standards fortheir own customs as the standards forjudgmentsjudgments 第21页，此课件共37页哦Ethnocentric characteristics shape a social sense of identity which is narrow and defensiveinvolve the perception of members of other cultures in
24、terms of stereotypesones own is normal and naturalennoble ones own culture while degrading those of others第22页，此课件共37页哦Ethnocentric attitudes Most other cultures are backward comparedMost other cultures are backward comparedto my cultures.to my cultures.My culture should be the role model for other
25、My culture should be the role model for other cultures.cultures.Most people would be happier if they lived like Most people would be happier if they lived like people in my culture.people in my culture.People in my culture have just about the best People in my culture have just about the best lifest
26、yles of anywhere.lifestyles of anywhere.I do not trust people who are different.I do not trust people who are different.I dislike interacting with people from different I dislike interacting with people from different cultures.cultures.第23页，此课件共37页哦Negative effects of ethnocentrism rejection of the
27、richness and knowledge of other cultures block the exchange of ideas and skillsamong peoples exclude other points of viewthe starting point for most prejudicial beliefs 第24页，此课件共37页哦Prejudicenegative feelings and attitudes toward a groupbased on faulty and inflexible stereotypes irrational feelings
28、of dislike and even hatred for certain groups a universal psychological process 第25页，此课件共37页哦Severe prejudice Sexismwomen are inferior in mental ability to men Racismother races are inferior to ones own第26页，此课件共37页哦Analyze the three students experiences and express your opinions 第27页，此课件共37页哦Cultura
29、l shock(cultural fatigue)deep psychological panic and crisis confusion,insecurity,and anxiety caused by the strangeness of a new environment antagonism and cynicism about the new culture 第28页，此课件共37页哦Common symptoms loss of patience,depression Absentmindednessoverwhelming fear of being cheated or ro
30、bbed overeating,oversleeping,substance abuse,withdrawal,declining invitation preferring to stay at home to read books and watch videos shipped in back from home第29页，此课件共37页哦Honeymoon Phase the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light,wonderful and new love the new foo
31、ds,the pace of the life,the peoples habits,the buildings and so on 第30页，此课件共37页哦Negotiation Phase(weeks)Differences become apparent and may create anxiety long for food in native country,find the pace of life too fast or slow,find the peoples habits annoying,disgusting,and irritating etc.Depression
32、is not uncommon.第31页，此课件共37页哦Adjustment Phase(6-12 months)grow accustomed to the new culture and develops routines know what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new.become concerned with basic living again,and things become more normal.第32页，此课件共37页哦Three Basic
33、Outcomes Rejectors find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and integrateisolate themselves from the host countrys environment,which they come to perceive ashostile,withdraw into a ghetto and see return to their own culture as the only way out.第33页，此课件共37页哦Adopters integrate fully and take o
34、n all parts of the host culture while losing their original identity.They normally remain in the host country forever.Cosmopolitans manage to adapt the aspects of the host culture they see as positive,while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend.第34页，此课件共37页哦Reverse cultural shock
35、(a.k.a.Re-entry Shock)some mental problems in reentry process With changed perspective and personality,they feel it is hard for them to fit in when they are at home again.第35页，此课件共37页哦Four levels of cross-cultural awareness 1.Cultural differences are exotic2.Cultural differences are frustrating 3.Th
36、e different culture is believable4.The different culture is believable as lived experience第36页，此课件共37页哦Improvements of cross-cultural communication1)Display of respect1)Display of respect2)Orientation to knowledge2)Orientation to knowledge3)Empathy3)Empathy4)Interaction management 4)Interaction management 5)Task role behavior5)Task role behavior6)Relational role behavior6)Relational role behavior7)Tolerance for ambiguity7)Tolerance for ambiguity8)Interaction posture8)Interaction posture 第37页，此课件共37页哦