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1、跨文化交际现在学习的是第1页，共37页现在学习的是第2页，共37页现在学习的是第3页，共37页现在学习的是第4页，共37页Barriers to Cross-cultural CommunicationStereotypes EthnocentrismPrejudice现在学习的是第5页，共37页 Some years ago,several international businessmen were on a Some years ago,several international businessmen were on a conference cruise when the ship
2、began to sink.“Go tell those conference cruise when the ship began to sink.“Go tell those fellows to put on life jackets and jump overboard,”the captain fellows to put on life jackets and jump overboard,”the captain directed his first mate.directed his first mate.A few minutes later the first mate r
3、eturned.“Those guys wont A few minutes later the first mate returned.“Those guys wont jump,”he reported.jump,”he reported.“Take over,”the captain ordered,“and Ill see what I can do.”“Take over,”the captain ordered,“and Ill see what I can do.”Returning moments later,he announced,“Theyre gone.”Returni
4、ng moments later,he announced,“Theyre gone.”“Howd you do it?”asked the first mate.“Howd you do it?”asked the first mate.“I told different things to different people.I told the Englishman it“I told different things to different people.I told the Englishman it was the sporting thing to do,and he jumpe
5、d.I told the Frenchman was the sporting thing to do,and he jumped.I told the Frenchman it was _it was _1 1_;the German that it was a command;the Italian that _;the German that it was a command;the Italian that it was_it was_2 2_;the Russian that it was_;the Russian that it was_3 3_;so they all jumpe
6、d _;so they all jumped overboard.”overboard.”“And how did you get the American to jump?”“And how did you get the American to jump?”“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was_“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was_4 4_!”_!”1.chic 2.forbidden 3.revolutionary 4.insured 1.chic 2.forbidde
7、n 3.revolutionary 4.insured 现在学习的是第6页，共37页Stereotypesa form of generalization about some group ofpeople.A generalization that goes beyond the existingevidence,an inaccurate or overgeneralization.general ideas of a person without taking the whole person into account 现在学习的是第7页，共37页Positive stereotypes
8、members of certain group have good qualitiesNegative stereotypesmembers of the group have undesirablecharacteristics.现在学习的是第8页，共37页What is stereotyping?labels or categories to describe othersbased on such characteristics as clothing,looks,the way a person talksmake assumptions about groups of people
9、 they dont even know现在学习的是第9页，共37页Areas of stereotypingAgeAgeSex Sexual preference Sexual preference Race Race Religion Profession NationalityEducation Education PlacesPlaces ThingsThings 现在学习的是第10页，共37页Examples a)All the students in PE Dept.are a)All the students in PE Dept.are b)All politicians ar
10、e c)All female doctor holders are d)All Harvard graduates are e)All rich men f)All university/college teachers are f)All university/college teachers are g)Her boyfriend is from the north,so he must be h)His grandfather is a history professor,so he must be h)His grandfather is a history professor,so
11、he must be i)He drives BMW,so he must be现在学习的是第11页，共37页现在学习的是第12页，共37页现在学习的是第13页，共37页现在学习的是第14页，共37页现在学习的是第15页，共37页现在学习的是第16页，共37页Once upon a time a monkey decided to leave the forest andexplore the great,wide world.He traveled to the city and saw explore the great,wide world.He traveled to the city
12、 and saw many strange and wonderful things but finally he decided to return home.Back in the forest his friends and relatives gathered around.“Well,”they cried,“what did you see?”gathered around.“Well,”they cried,“what did you see?”“I saw buildings made of concrete and glass.Buildings so high“I saw
13、buildings made of concrete and glass.Buildings so high that they touched the sky,”said the monkey.And all his friends and relatives imagined glass branches scratching the sky.“The buildings were full of people walking on two legs sky.“The buildings were full of people walking on two legs and carryin
14、g briefcases,”said the monkey.And his friends and and carrying briefcases,”said the monkey.And his friends and relatives could almost see the people running along the branches with their tails wrapped firmly around their briefcases.briefcases.现在学习的是第17页，共37页Reflections What is your opinion of stereo
15、typing?Is there anyone without stereotypes at all?Why?What will you do if stereotyped?现在学习的是第18页，共37页The damaging effect of stereotypes in cross-cultural communication to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be.to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one to assume that
16、 a widely held belief is true of any one individual.individual.The stereotype can become a“self-fulfilling prophecy”for the person stereotyped.When stereotypes lead us to interpret an individuals behaviour from the perceptual screen of the stereotype they impede communication.现在学习的是第19页，共37页How to r
17、educe or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural communication?Be careful of jumping to conclusionsBe careful of jumping to conclusionsFocus on every person as an individual.Focus on every person as an individual.Take a more humble and tentative attitude Respect the target culturebe more tolerant of
18、 the different customsbe more tolerant of the different customs to neutralize stereotypes 现在学习的是第20页，共37页Ethnocentrism The belief that the customs and practices ofones own culture are superior to those of other culturesother cultures Cultures tell us what is right and wrong.Ethnocentrism is a learne
19、d belief in cultural superiority.highlight and exaggerate cultural differencestheir own customs as the standards fortheir own customs as the standards forjudgments 现在学习的是第21页，共37页Ethnocentric characteristics shape a social sense of identity which is narrow and defensiveinvolve the perception of memb
20、ers of other cultures in terms of stereotypesones own is normal and naturalennoble ones own culture while degrading those of others现在学习的是第22页，共37页Ethnocentric attitudes Most other cultures are backward comparedto my cultures.to my cultures.My culture should be the role model for other cultures.Most
21、people would be happier if they lived like people in my culture.people in my culture.People in my culture have just about the best People in my culture have just about the best lifestyles of anywhere.lifestyles of anywhere.I do not trust people who are different.I dislike interacting with people fro
22、m different I dislike interacting with people from different cultures.cultures.现在学习的是第23页，共37页Negative effects of ethnocentrism rejection of the richness and knowledge of other cultures block the exchange of ideas and skillsamong peoples exclude other points of viewthe starting point for most prejud
23、icial beliefs 现在学习的是第24页，共37页Prejudicenegative feelings and attitudes toward a groupbased on faulty and inflexible stereotypes irrational feelings of dislike and even hatred for certain groups a universal psychological process 现在学习的是第25页，共37页Severe prejudice Sexismwomen are inferior in mental abilit
24、y to men Racismother races are inferior to ones own现在学习的是第26页，共37页Analyze the three students experiences and express your opinions 现在学习的是第27页，共37页Cultural shock(cultural fatigue)deep psychological panic and crisis confusion,insecurity,and anxiety caused by the strangeness of a new environment antago
25、nism and cynicism about the new culture 现在学习的是第28页，共37页Common symptoms loss of patience,depression Absentmindednessoverwhelming fear of being cheated or robbed overeating,oversleeping,substance abuse,withdrawal,declining invitation preferring to stay at home to read books and watch videos shipped in
26、 back from home现在学习的是第29页，共37页Honeymoon Phase the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light,wonderful and new love the new foods,the pace of the life,the peoples habits,the buildings and so on 现在学习的是第30页，共37页Negotiation Phase(weeks)Differences become apparent and may c
27、reate anxiety long for food in native country,find the pace of life too fast or slow,find the peoples habits annoying,disgusting,and irritating etc.Depression is not uncommon.现在学习的是第31页，共37页Adjustment Phase(6-12 months)grow accustomed to the new culture and develops routines know what to expect in m
28、ost situations and the host country no longer feels all that new.become concerned with basic living again,and things become more normal.现在学习的是第32页，共37页Three Basic Outcomes Rejectors find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and integrateisolate themselves from the host countrys environment,wh
29、ich they come to perceive ashostile,withdraw into a ghetto and see return to their own culture as the only way out.现在学习的是第33页，共37页Adopters integrate fully and take on all parts of the host culture while losing their original identity.They normally remain in the host country forever.Cosmopolitans man
30、age to adapt the aspects of the host culture they see as positive,while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend.现在学习的是第34页，共37页Reverse cultural shock(a.k.a.Re-entry Shock)some mental problems in reentry process With changed perspective and personality,they feel it is hard for them
31、to fit in when they are at home again.现在学习的是第35页，共37页Four levels of cross-cultural awareness 1.Cultural differences are exotic2.Cultural differences are frustrating 3.The different culture is believable4.The different culture is believable as lived experience现在学习的是第36页，共37页Improvements of cross-cult
32、ural communication1)Display of respect1)Display of respect2)Orientation to knowledge3)Empathy4)Interaction management 4)Interaction management 5)Task role behavior5)Task role behavior6)Relational role behavior7)Tolerance for ambiguity7)Tolerance for ambiguity8)Interaction posture8)Interaction posture 现在学习的是第37页，共37页