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1、跨文化交际 第1页，此课件共48页哦Warming-up：What do the following proverbs tell?nSelfhelp is the best help.n一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。nAn Englishmans home is his own castle.n倾巢之下，安有完卵。nThe squeaky wheel gets the grease.n枪打出头鸟。第2页，此课件共48页哦Suggested Answer:nEnglish ones:qOne man should depend on oneself.qPeople should not int
2、erfere with others business.qMan ought to speak up and be noticed.nChinese ones:qPeople need help and unity is the power.qPeople are closely connected to the others.qMan ought to follow the common rules.nThe proverbs are the reflection of different values individualism VS collectivism第3页，此课件共48页哦 In
3、dividualism&CollectivismnIt is the major dimension of cultural variability.nIndividualistic and collective value tendencies are revealed in every corner of the society.nAll peoples and cultures have both individual and collective orientations.第4页，此课件共48页哦nDefinition:the broad value tendencies of cul
4、ture in emphasizing the importance of:nindividual identity over group identitynindividual rights group rights nindividual needs group needs.Individualism 第5页，此课件共48页哦nthe individual is the single most important unit in any social settingnindependence is stressed nindividual achievement is rewardednt
5、he uniqueness of each individual is of prime valueConnotation of Individualism:第6页，此课件共48页哦nGreat importance is attached to:nCompetitionnPersonal goalsnHis or her own rightsnIndividual initiative nindividual achievementIndividualism 第7页，此课件共48页哦Individualism USAGreat Britain Australia New Zealand Ne
6、therland Canada第8页，此课件共48页哦American Values of Individualism God helps those who help themselves.Benjamin Franklin第9页，此课件共48页哦Bank Notes President Abraham Lincoln Benjamin Franklin(statesman,declaration of independence)第10页，此课件共48页哦Bank Notes President George Washington President Jefferson 第11页，此课件共4
7、8页哦n“self”is rich in English dictionary.nCan you tell any words with“self”?nselfcontrol,selfdiscipline，nselfesteem，selfrespectnselfreliance,selfconfidence,nselfknowledge,selfgovernment nSelfimportance,selfservice(a cafeteria)American Values of Individualism 第12页，此课件共48页哦nLiberal theme:qequal rights&
8、equal opportunitiesnLiberal principles core of the American cultural feature.n“I”culture individuals are emphasizednFreedom to control their own destinynfinancial and emotional independence at age of 18American Values of Individualism 第13页，此课件共48页哦Video 第14页，此课件共48页哦nName:q Liberty Enlightening the
9、WorldqStatue of Liberty nConstruction time:q in France:1875nFrench sent it to America:qOctober 28,1886qIn honor of the 100th anniversary of the independencenLeft hand:book(July 4th,1776)qDeclaration of Independence nRight hand:torch第15页，此课件共48页哦nLocation of Statue:qLiberty Island,NYCnHeight from bas
10、e to torch(1984 Survey):q 152 2(46.84m)nLength of hand:q16 5(5.00m)nIndex finger:q8 0(2.44m)第16页，此课件共48页哦nAmericans prefer to use the word“freedom”to mean what scholars call individualism.By freedom,they mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without interfer
11、ence from the government,a ruling noble class,the church or any other organized authority.Highlight of Individualism第17页，此课件共48页哦nThe individualism can be reflected in their literatures and movies.nRepresentatives:qSupermanqSpidermanqIronman qI,RobotAmerican Values of Individualism 第18页，此课件共48页哦Case
12、 Study nDuring the American Civil War,a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate.The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yardin fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood.When the young man left,the farmer moved the wood back
13、to its original place.Seeing all this,the farmers son was confused.nQuestions:n 1)Why did the farmer do that?n2)What values are reflected in this story?第19页，此课件共48页哦Suggested Answer:nThe farmer explained to his son that one could never at any time in any way make other people feel inferior,even unin
14、tentionally and out of goodwill.What accounts for the farmers behavior is that he believed in individualism,independence,selfreliance,selfesteem the major values in the USA.第20页，此课件共48页哦Collectivism Definition:the broad value tendencies of a culture in emphasizing the importance of：“we”identity over
15、 “I”identity,group rights individual rights,in-group-oriented needs individual wants and desires.第21页，此课件共48页哦CollectivismPeople lay great emphasis on:People lay great emphasis on:(1)the views,needs and goals of the(1)the views,needs and goals of the in-groupsin-groups rather rather than oneself;tha
16、n oneself;(2)social norms and dutiesduties defined by the in-group rather than one s behavior to get pleasure;s behavior to get pleasure;(3)beliefs shared with the in-group rather than with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in-group;beliefs that distinguish self from in-gro
17、up;(4)great readiness to(4)great readiness to cooperatecooperate with in-group with in-group members.members.第22页，此课件共48页哦Case Study:what can you tell from the corporate values?Group harmonyLong-term relationshipHigh qualityCo-operationConservation Polity-orientationCustomer satisfactionContribution
18、 to societyCo-existence Co-prosperity第23页，此课件共48页哦Suggested Answer:Corporate culture is greatly influenced by social values.Corporate culture is greatly influenced by social values.Japanese culture is an example of Japanese culture is an example of a collectivistic culture which would likely endorse
19、 group harmony,culture which would likely endorse group harmony,social order,conformity in group relationships,social order,conformity in group relationships,deference(deference(归服)to reference group norms,family)to reference group norms,family relationships,and loyalty to consensus viewpoints.relat
20、ionships,and loyalty to consensus viewpoints.第24页，此课件共48页哦Japanese Values of CollectivismBlank Filling:1._ is the core value of Japanese society 1._ is the core value of Japanese society that substantially defines other values and permeates that substantially defines other values and permeates all a
21、reas of life.all areas of life.2.In Japan,an individual is a _ of a unit;2.In Japan,an individual is a _ of a unit;the group is the _ unit.the group is the _ unit.3.In Japan,any assertion of individualismvaluing valuing the individual over the groupthe individual over the groupis regarded as a _ to
22、the group and will result in _ by the group.HomogeneityHomogeneityfractionfractionfundamentalfundamentalthreatthreatpunishmentpunishment第25页，此课件共48页哦4.Many Japanese companies provide their employees 4.Many Japanese companies provide their employees with _ employment.Maintaining positive _-with _ emp
23、loyment.Maintaining positive _-term relationships is stressed.term relationships is stressed.5.Employers and employees try to establish a 5.Employers and employees try to establish a _ atmosphere in working surroundings._ atmosphere in working surroundings.6.In Japanese offices,when the 5:00 P.M.bel
24、l rings,6.In Japanese offices,when the 5:00 P.M.bell rings,signaling the end of the workday,no one gets up to signaling the end of the workday,no one gets up to leave.The office workers _(stop/keep on)leave.The office workers _(stop/keep on)working.working.Japanese Values of Collectivismlifetimelife
25、timelonglongharmoniousharmoniouskeep onkeep on第26页，此课件共48页哦菊与刀 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword美国人类学家鲁思.本尼迪克特(Ruth Benedict)奉美国政府之命，为分析、研究日本社会和日本民族性所做的调查分析报告，旨在指导美国如何管制战败后的日本。通览日本文化、解读其矛盾性格的惊世之作，是全世界公认的现代“日本学”开山之源第27页，此课件共48页哦菊与刀恬淡静美的“菊”是日本皇室家徽凶狠决绝的“刀”是武士道文化的象征 日本文化的双重性爱美而黩武、尚礼而好斗、喜新而顽固、服从而不驯等 第28页，此
26、课件共48页哦Video study What can you tell?成龙，刘媛媛 国家常回家看看Desperate Housewives第29页，此课件共48页哦Case Study:在在20022002年，中国某篮球名将由于没有同达拉斯小牛签约，希望年，中国某篮球名将由于没有同达拉斯小牛签约，希望参加夏季联赛，而后开始公开表达自己不参加亚运会的想法，参加夏季联赛，而后开始公开表达自己不参加亚运会的想法，因为拒绝国家篮协的要求回国参加训练，因为拒绝国家篮协的要求回国参加训练，代表国家队参加国际代表国家队参加国际大赛而将其开除出国家男篮；大赛而将其开除出国家男篮；2004 2004 年的奥
27、运会中，美国的篮球名将们因为不愿意放弃这难年的奥运会中，美国的篮球名将们因为不愿意放弃这难得的单个假期，奥尼尔、布莱恩特、加内特和麦克格雷迪都得的单个假期，奥尼尔、布莱恩特、加内特和麦克格雷迪都拒绝参加奥运会的比赛以致所谓的拒绝参加奥运会的比赛以致所谓的“梦之队梦之队”在奥运会上的在奥运会上的蒙羞，但是这些拒绝参加比赛的球员也没有受到任何的惩罚蒙羞，但是这些拒绝参加比赛的球员也没有受到任何的惩罚第30页，此课件共48页哦Suggested Answer:The international sports competitions are actually The international sp
28、orts competitions are actually the competitions among nations,which surely the competitions among nations,which surely reflect the values of the country and people.reflect the values of the country and people.Individualism thinks highly of the independence of Individualism thinks highly of the indep
29、endence of oneself,the freedom to select and the achievement oneself,the freedom to select and the achievement of individual.While the collectivism put emphasis on of individual.While the collectivism put emphasis on the unity of the group and the common benefits;the unity of the group and the commo
30、n benefits;the individual desire comes second to the group the individual desire comes second to the group honor.honor.第31页，此课件共48页哦Survey:five fundamental values Work in small groups and decide five Chinese values that you think are the most important.Remember that you dont have to agree with each
31、other,but try to defend your choice.第32页，此课件共48页哦 1.filial piety 1.filial piety 服从、孝顺服从、孝顺 2.industry 2.industry 勤劳勤劳 3.tolerance 3.tolerance 容忍容忍 4.harmony with others 4.harmony with others 随和随和 5.humility 5.humility 谦虚（贬己尊人）谦虚（贬己尊人）6.observance of rites and social rituals6.observance of rites and
32、social rituals 礼仪礼仪 7.loyalty to superiors 7.loyalty to superiors 忠于上司忠于上司 8.reciprocation of greetings,favors,8.reciprocation of greetings,favors,and giftsand gifts礼尚往来礼尚往来 9.kindness(forgiveness,compassion)9.kindness(forgiveness,compassion)仁爱仁爱(宽恕、人情）宽恕、人情）10.knowledge 10.knowledge 学识（教育）学识（教育）11.
33、moderation 11.moderation 中庸之道中庸之道 1212solidarity with others solidarity with others 团结团结 1313sense of righteousness sense of righteousness 正义正义 14.selfcultivation14.selfcultivation 修养修养 15.ordering relationships 15.ordering relationships 尊卑有序尊卑有序 16.benevolent authority 16.benevolent authority 恩威并重恩
34、威并重 17.personal stability 17.personal stability 稳重稳重 18.noncompetitiveness18.noncompetitiveness不重竞争不重竞争 19.resistance to corruption 19.resistance to corruption 廉洁廉洁 20.patriotism 20.patriotism 爱国爱国 21.sincerity 21.sincerity 诚恳诚恳 22.keeping oneself disinterested and 22.keeping oneself disinterested a
35、nd pure pure 清高清高 23.thrift 23.thrift 节俭节俭 24.patience 24.patience 耐心耐心 25.persistence 25.persistence 毅力毅力 26.cultural superiority26.cultural superiority文化优越感文化优越感 2727Appreciation&revenge Appreciation&revenge 报恩与报恩与报仇报仇 2828adaptability adaptability 适应环境适应环境 2929carefulness carefulness 小心（谨慎）小心（谨慎）
36、3030trustworthiness trustworthiness 信用信用 3131a sense of shame a sense of shame 知耻知耻 3232courtesy courtesy 有礼貌有礼貌 3333contentedness with ones position contentedness with ones position in life in life 安分守己安分守己 34.conservative 34.conservative 保守保守 3535protecting your faceprotecting your face要面子要面子 3636
37、intimate friendship intimate friendship 知己之交知己之交 3737chastity in women chastity in women 贞节贞节 3838having few desires having few desires 寡欲寡欲 3939respect for tradition respect for tradition 敬传统敬传统 4040wealth wealth 财富财富第33页，此课件共48页哦Homework:Find examples to show Chinese collectivism第34页，此课件共48页哦Indiv
38、idualist-Collectivist PrioritiesIndividualismIndividualismCollectivismCollectivism 1.Freedom 1.Freedom 1.Belonging 1.Belonging 2.Independence 2.Independence 2.Group harmony 2.Group harmony 3.Self-reliance 3.Self-reliance 3.Collectiveness 3.Collectiveness 4.Equality 4.Equality 4.Age/Seniority 4.Age/S
39、eniority 5.Competition 5.Competition 5.Cooperation 5.Cooperation 6.Efficiency 6.Efficiency 6.Quality 6.Quality 7.Time 7.Time 7.Patience 7.Patience 8.Directness 8.Directness 8.Indirectness 8.Indirectness 9.Openness 9.Openness 9.Go-between 9.Go-between 第35页，此课件共48页哦Classification Read the following se
40、ntences and tell which value they belong Read the following sentences and tell which value they belong to,individualism or collectivism.to,individualism or collectivism.1.People are supposed to take care of themselves,and 1.People are supposed to take care of themselves,and perhaps their immediate f
41、amilies.perhaps their immediate families.2.The autonomy of the individual is paramount.2.The autonomy of the individual is paramount.3.Key words used to invoke this cultural pattern include independence,privacy,self,and the all-important I I.4.Decisions are based on what is good for the individual,n
42、ot for the group,because the person is the primary source of motivation.第36页，此课件共48页哦Classification5.A judgment about what is right or wrong can be made only 5.A judgment about what is right or wrong can be made only from the point of view of the individual.from the point of view of the individual.6
43、.People are required to have an absolute loyalty to the 6.People are required to have an absolute loyalty to the group.group.7.Decisions are based on what is the best for the group.7.Decisions are based on what is the best for the group.8.The group is expected to look out for and take care of its 8.
44、The group is expected to look out for and take care of its individual members.individual members.9.This culture believes in obligation to the group,dependence of 9.This culture believes in obligation to the group,dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions,a the individual on orga
45、nizations and institutions,a“wewe”consciousness,and an emphasis on belonging.consciousness,and an emphasis on belonging.第37页，此课件共48页哦Low-context&High-Context CommunicationHall claims that human interaction,on the broad level,can be divided into low-context and high-context communication systems.第38页
46、，此课件共48页哦Low-context communication It refers to communication patterns of direct verbal mode.The sender assumes the responsibility to communicate directly.第39页，此课件共48页哦High-Context CommunicationIt refers to communication patterns of indirect verbal talk and nonverbal subtleties.The receiver or inter
47、preter of the messages assumes the responsibility to infer the hidden or contextual meanings of the message.第40页，此课件共48页哦Cultures arranged along the High-context and Low-context Dimension High-context CultureHigh-context Culture JapaneseJapanese ChineseChinese KoreanKorean African AmericanAfrican Am
48、erican Native AmericanNative American ArabArab GreekGreek LatinLatin ItalianItalian EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench AmericanAmerican ScandinavianScandinavian GermanGerman German-SwissGerman-Swiss Low-context CultureLow-context Culture第41页，此课件共48页哦Case study:talk between AmericansJane:(knocks on her neig
49、hbors open window)Excuse me,it Jane:(knocks on her neighbors open window)Excuse me,it is 11 oclock already,and your highpitched opera singing is 11 oclock already,and your highpitched opera singing is really disturbing my sleep.Please stop your gargling is really disturbing my sleep.Please stop your
50、 gargling noises immediately!I have an important job interview noises immediately!I have an important job interview tomorrow morning,and I want to get a good nights sleep.I tomorrow morning,and I want to get a good nights sleep.I really need this job to pay my rent!really need this job to pay my ren