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1、跨文化交际第1页，此课件共26页哦跨文化交际Intercultural communication跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程。不同文化背景的人：A。任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。B。集中于国别研究，不同国之间主流文化的差异。第2页，此课件共26页哦跨文化交际学在美国兴起。我国：历史很短，20世纪80年代。许国璋先生现代外语发表有关语言与文化的论文：culturally-loaded words and english language teaching,着重讨论了诩的文化内涵与翻译的关系。在不同语言中表面上对待的词实际上在文化内涵上并不相等。第3页，此课件共26页哦W
2、hat is culture Broader meaning:it refers to the total pattern of beliefs,customs,institutions,objects,and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.-based on the definitions of sociologists and anthropologistsCulture refers to the entire way of life of a society,“the ways of a peopl
3、e.”it consists of material things and non-material things.第4页，此课件共26页哦我国学术界对文化的界定陈独秀：是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。梁漱溟：文化是生活的样法。现代汉语词典：人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学。第5页，此课件共26页哦文化的定义：共有近三百多种定义，不同角度涵盖面最广、最精确的是Edward Tylor 1871年在原始文化一书中提出的：“所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习
4、惯在内的一种综合体。”“That complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”第6页，此课件共26页哦文化的广狭之分Big C culture(achievement culture)refers to such things as education,history,geography,institutions,literature,art,mus
5、ic,etc.“第一种文化”、”狭义的文化”、”正式文化”、”知识文化”。Culture as high civilization（胡文仲）Small c culture(behavior culture)means the way of life of a people,including values,beliefs,and perceptions.“第二种文化”、”广义的文化”、“普通文化”、“交际文化”Culture as a set of traits（胡文仲第7页，此课件共26页哦文化语言学的分类法物质文化(material culture)制度文化(institutional c
6、ulture)精神文化(mental culture)：心理文化和观念文化第8页，此课件共26页哦奈达的分类Ecology 生态文化Material Culture 物质文化Social Culture 社会文化Religious Culture 宗教文化Linguistic Culture 语言文化第9页，此课件共26页哦中英文化差异The Agriculture-based culture 黄土、农耕文明 槁木死灰 骨瘦如柴 对牛弹琴 滚石不生苔 众人拾柴火焰高 竹篮打水一场空 挥金如土The Blue Sea&Commodity-based culture 海洋、商业文明Hoist yo
7、ur sail when the wind is fair.Still waters run deep.In a calm sea,every man is a pilot.A small leak will sink a great ship.a sea of debt a sea of smiles at sea between the devil and the deep sea 第10页，此课件共26页哦The relationship between language and cultureLanguage is a part of culture and plays a very
8、important role in it-the keystone of cultureLanguage is influenced and shaped by culture,it reflects culture.Language and culture interact.Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.第11页，此课件共26页哦文化的特性1。是人类所独有，是区分人类和动物的主要标志，是社会遗产，不是生理的遗传。2。不是先天所有，而是通过后天学习。3。大部分是不自觉的。4。是人们行动的指南。5。文化是
9、动态的，文化的形态与不定期定的历史时期相联系。第12页，此课件共26页哦文化在跨文化交际中的地位文化的跨文化交际的核心。对跨文化交际影响较大的文化因素：民族的历史、民族的传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段。第13页，此课件共26页哦交际（传播）定义：100多个。-是个人或团体通过符号向他人或团体传递信息、观念、态度或情感。-通过信息进行的社会活动。-是人际关系借以成立的基础，又是它得以发展的机理。我国学者：是信息交流，有信息交流的地方就有传播活动的存在。第14页，此课件共26页哦传播的模式5W模式Who,says what,in what channel,
10、to whom,with what effects线型模式：噪音源信源-发射器-信道-接受器-信宿循环式第15页，此课件共26页哦传播模式与跨文化交际编码和译码最容易出现问题。在吃饭呀？看书呢？We must get together soon.传播模式对于我们了解和研究跨文化交际中产生的问题有助，使我们确切地找到跨文化交际中产生的误解的环节。第16页，此课件共26页哦Chapter 2Are there any equivalent words in both languages?Weekend:Friday evening,Saturday and Sunday周末：in the past
11、,Saturday evening and SundayIntellectual:people of high academic status such as college professors.sometimes used in a derogatory sense知识分子：college teachers,college students,doctors,engineers,interpreters and middle school teachers.第17页，此课件共26页哦1.a term in one language that does not have a counterpa
12、rt in another language:三伏“three fu”,三九“three nine”。夏炼三伏，冬炼三九芝麻酱煮饺子dumplings being cooked in sesame paste第18页，此课件共26页哦2.Words in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which refer to quite different things.Cadre-not a common word,others are suggested such
13、 as official,functionary,administrator,etc.but none of these is exactly the same as干部干部第19页，此课件共26页哦Cowboy,much legend and romance associated with the cowboy of the American west牛仔 hippie:it refers to the young people of the 1960s whose behavior seems so strange to Chinese.嬉皮士Struggle meeting-Reviva
14、l meeting,bingo party 第20页，此课件共26页哦炕（a heatable brick bed），冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick)，秤(steelyard)节气；阴(yin)，阳(yang)，寒()，上火(excessive internal heat)The examples mentioned reflect the diversity that exists.such diversity may be the result of differences in environment or tradition or the level of i
15、ndustrial and technological development or dissimilar political and social systems.第21页，此课件共26页哦The usual ways to deal with these problems1.explaining the term:brunch晚吃的早餐；早吃的晚餐2.giving a name that sounds the same as the original term:radar雷达 coffee咖啡 dazibao大字报 qigong气功3.creating a name:martial art
16、s武术 software软件 hardware硬件4.using two or more methods叩头kowtow:to kneel,touching the ground with the forehead，锅 wok,abowl=shaped cooking utensil used esp.in the preparation of chinese food 引擎engine第22页，此课件共26页哦Semantic differences between English and Chinese termsLoverHigh school(secondary school)Serv
17、ice station(the place where people get gasoline)rest room(bathroom or toilet)busboy(one whose job is to remove the dirty dishes and set the tables in a restaurant)爱人（husband,wife）高等学校(university)服务站休息室公共汽车上的青年售票员；第23页，此课件共26页哦goldbrick(a person who shirks as signed duties)political campaign(the orga
18、nized activities by a candidate for public offec)to get a kick out of sth(to get enjoyment or pleasure out of sth)To blow ones own horn(to praise oneself)金锭政治运动被踢出去各吹各的号each doing his own thing第24页，此课件共26页哦大忙人(a very busy person)改善生活to have a good meal or feast令人发指to show anger自食其言to break ones prom
19、iseBusy body(one who pries into the affairs of others)Improve ones standard of living to make ones hair stand on end(to show ones fear)to eat ones own words(to be force to take back ones words)第25页，此课件共26页哦Busywork(work that usually 忙碌的工作？appears to be productive but only keeps one occupied)Housewarming(a party to 房屋供暖？celebrate the taking possession of a house)Lowboy(a low table with drawers)矮个子男孩？Free love()the practice of living 自由恋爱？openly with one of the opposite sex without marriage)第26页，此课件共26页哦