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1、 三大从句定语从句1. The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.2. The girl who is making a speech right now is our monitor.3. The vase that I broke yesterday was very expensive.4. The boy who helped you yesterday is my neighbour.5. Thats just the topic that Im very interested in.6. He is
2、just the boss who gave me that valuable opportunity.7. I like the cake which you bought yesterday.9. We all like that speaker who is very humorous.10. The old lady whose two daughters are both teachers is our neighbour.11. She is the girl whom I met at the party.12. There are occasions when one must
3、 yield.13.Beijing is the place where I was born.14.Is this the reason why he refused our offer?15. His father died the year when he was born.16.He is unlikely to find the place in which he lived forty years ago.17. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?18.This is the house in which I
4、lived two years ago.19. He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you.20.None of us know the reason for which Tom was absent from the meeting. (why = for which ).只用 that 不用 which 的情况先行词指物且含有不定代词(all, little, few, much, everything, anything等)Do you have anything that you want to say f
5、or yourself?All that Lily told me seems untrue.先行词被 the only, the very, the right, any, every, some, no, just等修饰This is the very bus that I am waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to lend you some money.先行词含有最高级或含有序数词时，如：This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.This is the first two-sto
6、ry bus that runs in our city.What is the most interesting film that you have ever seen?先行词既有人又有物1 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?避免重复a. 主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 whichWhich is the bike that you have lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?b. 两个定语从句，其中一个用 which 另一个用 thatThey
7、 secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause much pollution.c. 先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中也作表语Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 主句是 there be 句型且关系词在从句中作主语There is a seat that is still available.2. 只用 which 不用 that 的情况 非限制性定语从句 关系代词前有介词（介词锁定） 先行词本身是 that（避免重复）只用
8、who 不用 that 的情况： 先行词是指人的不定代词， 如：one , ones, anyone, no one, those 等Those who have not got your textbooks please raise you hands. there be 结构中先行词指人There is a man who calls himself Mr. S joining our team. 分隔式定语从句中I was one of the persons in my office who were invited.四、关系副词when 时间 时间状语where 地点 地点状语I w
9、ill never forget the day when we met there. （可用 on which）This is the house where I was born. （可用 in which）why 原因 原因状语 I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. （可用 for which）主语从句(subject clause)一定义:主语从句（subject clause）,顾名思义就是利用一个从句来代替主语。例如：That he finished writing the composition in suc
10、h a short time surprised us .2 二连接词引导主语从句的连词主要有：从属连词：that，whether连接代词：who，whoever，whom，whose，what，whatever，which，whichever连接副词：when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however主语从句的连接词 that 无实际意义，但是不可省略其他连接词有实际意义，不可省略三时态，从句时态不受主句时态的影响。That price will go up is certain.Whether we will go for an outing tomo
11、rrow remains unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.What we need are good doctors.如果主语从句放在句首表示“是否”的时候，不能用If 只能有Whether为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语 it 放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末（It+形式主语谓语+宾/表+从句）（1）That he will win the match is certain. It is certain that he will win the match.（2）That he has made a very import
12、ant discovery in chemistry is true It is true that he has made a veryimportant discovery in chemistry.（3） what caused the accident is still a mystery. It is still a mystery what caused the accident.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况（1）If 引导的主语从句It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. （If he will leave f
13、or Beijing tomorrow is uncertain（2）It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句）It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (That President jingo will visit our school next week is said. (（3）It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句)It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (That he failed
14、 in the examination occurred to him. ()（4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. ()3 宾语从句（object clause）一定义:名词性从句均是异曲同工。即宾语从句就是利用一个从句来代替宾语。例如：I think (that) you shoud tell the truth二连接词从属连词主要有 that,if,whether连接代词主要
15、有 who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whoever, whatever, whichever等That 用于陈述句的连接词（包括）肯定和否定，在句中不作任何成分，所以常常省略(有例外) I think (that)is funny.She hopes (that) tomorrow will be a good whether.I wonder if you can go with me?I dont know whether i can go home?I know what I want to do.I ask him where I
16、could take the bus.三时态1主句为现在时/将来时/完成时的时候。从句可能使用任何时态（视不同情况）I know he lives hereI know he lived here ten years ago.I have heard that he will come tomorrow2主句为过去时的时候，从句用的是对应的某种过去时态I knew he lived here.I saw he talking with her mother.四注意点宾语从句中 That 不可省略的情况：宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词He think that learning English is
17、 very hard.宾语从句的主语是 this 或 that 的时候She said that would lead her win.有两个或两个以上的宾语从句，第二个 that 不能省略I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get betterit 作形式宾语，此时 that 引导的宾语从句 that 不可省略I thought it strange that Amy didnt came up yesterday.4 双宾时，that 引导的从句做直接宾语时，that 不可省略My foreign fr
18、iend tell me that Chinese is one of the most difficult language to learn.有四种只能用 whether 的情况or notI dont know whether he will come or not.有介词I dont care of whether he is handsome后接 to doHe wondered whether to stay here the next week.作主语，只用 whetherWhether he will come is not decided.表语从句（Predicative C
19、lause）一定义名词性从句均是异曲同工。即表语从句就是利用一个从句来代替表语。众所周知，表语谓语系动词（be 动词及感官动词）之后，所以一般结构为主语+系动词+表语从句例如：The trouble is that he has lost a lot of money.二连接词从属连词：that、whether、as though、as if关系代词：who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever，whoever，whomever，which 等关系副词 when,where,why,how,however,whenever,where等表语从句的连接词 that 无实际
20、意义，正式文体中不可省略，但在口语当中人们有时会省略其他连接词有实际意义，不可省略从属连词引导的表语从句The question is whether we should leave now.The problem was that it was too valuable for me.It looked as if it was going to snow.关系代词引导的表语从句 Thats what we should doThe problem was who could do this job.关系副词引导的表语从句 That is how he work so fast.三时态和主语
21、从句一样。表语从句的时态不受主句影响四注意点：表语从句不能用 If，只能用 whether 引导.同位语从句（appositive Clause）一定义:我知道大家对同位语会比较陌生，同位语，按字面意思理解，就是与同位语前面的那个名词具有5 相同地位的成分. 即同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明、解释它的情况例如 :He my brother is a superstar.We both can do it.(both 就是 we 的同位语)Where is you classmate tom.你的同学汤姆在哪里（tom 是 classmate 的同位语）同位语从句，就是用一个句子来做
22、同位语成分，通常跟在一些特定的名词之后。这些名词有：hope/wish/fact/answer/problem/news/belief/idea/promise/suggestion/order/conclusion/information/thought这些名词的名义都很抽象，指代不明确，所以往往跟一个同位语从句来解释这些名词的具体内涵。不知道大家发现没有，不管是同位语还是同位语从句，他们都是起到解释说明的功能，不是关键的句子成分。所以即使他们被去除，也不会影响句子的完整性。二：连接词从属连词:that,whether 连接代词:what,who 等连接副词:how,when, why, w
23、here 等同位语从句的连接词 that 无实际意义，但是不可省略从属连词引导的同位语从句The new that our team won the first prize excited all of us.He hast made the decision whether he will go.连接代词引导的同位语从句 I have no idea what he is doing.连接副词引导的同位语从句 I dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.三时态和主语从句一样。同位语从句的时态不受主句影响练习He has
24、told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.I have no idea when he will come back home.The fact is that we have lost the game.What he wants to tell us is not clear.Its a great pity that they didnt get married.I insist that she (should) do her work alone.It looks as if it is going to rain.The news t
25、hat we won the game is exciting.状语从句什么是状语？状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。1. Naturally, our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call.2. We worked hard, from sunrise to sunset.6 3. To help my disabled aunt, I spend an hour working in her house every da y 4. Seen from a distance, the farmhouse looked desert
26、ed.5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。什么是状语从句？状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句一般由连词 (从属连词 )引导，也可以由词组引起。根据其作用状语从句可分为：1. 时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句 3.原因状语从句 4.条件状语从句5. 目的状语从句 6.让步状语从句 7.比较状语从句 8.方式状语从句9.结果状语从句状语从句的时态特点：一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用
27、“一般现在时 ”表示 “一般将来时 ”，用 “现在完成时 ”表示 “将来完成时 ”。I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home.If he comes back, please let me know.1 时间状语从句常用引导词： when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词： the minute, the moment, the second,
28、every time, the day ，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mothe r was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard( 果园 ), the moment they saw the guardNo sooner
29、 had I arrived home, then it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.表示“一 就”除 as soon as 外，还有三类：名词型the moment, the minute, the second, the instant；副词型immediately, directly, instantly；句式型no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhenThe moment I saw him, I fell in love with him.I cam
30、e immediately you called. 你一给我打电话，我就马上来。I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家，就开始下雨。【注意】如果 hardly, scarcely 或 no sooner 置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。7 Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去
31、时或现在完成时来代替。When, while, as( 一边 . 一边 .), after, before, as soon as, since, till /until, by the time(止, 所在句子的主句应用完成时 )到。为Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.when
32、, while 和 as 的区别when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词， 又可以是瞬时动词。 并且 when 有时表示 “就在那时 ”, when and then; at that moment 。When she came in, I stopped eating.When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.We were about to leave when he came in.While 引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且 whi
33、le 有时还可以表示对比。While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.I like playing football while you like playing basketball.As 表示 “一边 一边 ”，as 引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as 也可以强调 “一先一后。We always sing as we walk.As we was going out, it began to snow.before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句before 的本意为“在之前”，根据具
34、体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有就，趁着还没就，不知不觉就，才”等。After 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。It will be four days before they come back.Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.They had not been married four months before they were divorced.After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.After we had finished the work, we went home.8