《高中英语语法之三大从句.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中英语语法之三大从句.pptx（40页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、会计学1高中高中(gozhng)英语语法之三大从句英语语法之三大从句第一页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句2英语语法，指的是英语中语言的结构(jigu)和规律，主要包括词法和句法。高考中占较大比重的是句法，而句法中较为重要的是句子成分和句子结构(jigu)。（一）词法：英语的词类以及构词法。1、词类：主要有十种，分别是名词、代词、动词(dngc)、形容词、副词、冠词、介词、连词、数词和感叹词。2、构词法：主要有合成法、派生法和转化法。 合成法：如spaceship playground basketball 派生法：inventor learner swimming congra
2、tulation kindness dangerous 转化法：形容词动词(dngc)，如dry(干燥的)dry(弄干) clean(干净的)clean (打扫干净) 动词(dngc)名词，如look，walk，rest，work， study， swim，talk等 名词动词(dngc)，如hand(手)(传递)，face(脸)(面对)等 第1页/共40页第二页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句3（二）句法：英语的句子成分和句子结构1、句子成分：英语中主要有七种，即主语（subject）、谓语(wiy)（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语
3、（adverbial）、补语（complement）、表语（predicative）。 注意句子成分和词类(cli)之间的对应关系2、句子结构：、句子结构：简单句：简单句：有五种基本结构：（1）主+谓 （2）主+谓+宾 （3）主+谓+ 间宾+直宾 （4）主+谓+宾+宾补 （5） 主+系+表并列复合句：并列复合句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词并列连词连在一起构成的句子。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and，but， or，so等。如：You love music and you are good at music.主从复合句：主从复合句：即各种从句，包括名词性从句名词
4、性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句定语从句、状语从句状语从句。高考中占分比最大的是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句。如何区分是简单句还是复合句呢？第2页/共40页第三页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句4第3页/共40页第四页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句5找谓语动词找谓语动词 （是否（是否(sh fu)为复合句）为复合句） 如无并列连词，分别找出主句和从句如无并列连词，分别找出主句和从句判判断从句在整个句子中担任何种成分？（即为何种从句）断从句在整个句子中担任何种成分？（即为何种从句） He said his father is
5、an engineer. The little girl in red coat is my sister. The prize will go to the writer whose story shows the most imagination. The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, where it will keep for two or th
6、ree weeks. 第4页/共40页第五页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句6（一）定语从句基本概念 1、定语：修饰或限定名词和代词的形容词 2、定语从句：顾名思义就是一个句子作定语，并从属于主句。 3、先行词：定语从句中所被修饰的名词或代词。（可以是人或物） 4、关系词：引导定语从句的词，代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中充当句子成分(j zichngfn)。有关系代词（which who/whom that whose）和关系副词（when where why）两种。结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词+定语从句定语从句第5页/共40页第六页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法
7、之从句7（1）Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually. 【2010福建】（2）Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school whom I met in the English speech contest last year. 【2010湖南】（3）The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the
8、training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour. 【2010江西(jin x)】（4） Thats the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 【2010山东】第6页/共40页第七页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句8（二）定语从句(cn j)的分类非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句：从句对先行词或主句进行补充说明或解释，它与先行词或主句间有逗号隔开。（不能用that引导，一般由which who whose as 等引导）Do you r
9、emember the girl who taught us English?My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.二者之间有什么区别？如何判
10、定属于哪种？定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。He was the only person in this country who was invited.第7页/共40页第八页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句9翻译不同翻译不同：一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。第8页/共40页第九页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句101、People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉，句子就失去意义)2、His da
11、ughter, who is in Boston now, is coming back home next week. 他女儿现在(xinzi)在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)3、He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。4、Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。5、I have bought the same dress which she is wearing.我买了和她身上穿的一样的衣服。(which指the same dress
12、)6、Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)7、He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)8、Li Ming, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 9、Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 注意：并非只
13、有并非只有 which 才能引导非限定性定语从句。才能引导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中，如果先行词指人则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导；先行词指物可用 which 引导；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导。 第9页/共40页第十页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句11（三）关系代词引导的定语(dngy)从句1、常见的关系代词有：who whom that which whose 关系代词用来指代(zh di)先行词是人或物的名词或代词。如果先行词指人，关系代词可用 who whom that whose
14、；如果先行词指物，关系代词可用which或that。 （1）This is the detective who came from London. （2）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other. 【2011福建】 （3）The desk whose leg is broken is very old. （4）This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词
15、在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。第10页/共40页第十一页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句122、关系代词(dic)who，whom和whose的用法（1）who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。（有时(yush)可用that代替who）An architect is a person who designs buildings. Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. （2）who
16、m代替人，是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语。在非正式英语中常可省略。Do you know the gentleman (whom) we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student (whom) my father taught ten years ago. The girl (who/that) I saw is called Mary. （3）whose一般代替人，有时(yush)亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。 The girl student whose father is a senior engineer us
17、ed to study abroad. Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? （正式用法中：whose window=the window of which ）第11页/共40页第十二页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句133、关系(gun x)代词which和that的用法（1）关系代词which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语(bny)，作宾语(bny)时可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. （which可换成that）
18、Tom works for a factory which makes watches. （which可以换成that） （2）关系代词that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语(bny)，作宾语(bny)时可省略。 Is she the girl that sells newspapers? （that可以换成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? （that可以换成which） Is this the book that you want to buy? （that可以换成which，在定语从句中
19、作宾语(bny)，可以省略） 第12页/共40页第十三页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句14 A.关系代词who、whom与that的区别：（1）当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。如He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等，多用who） I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who） （2）当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用t
20、hat。例如： The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who） 注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可省略关系代词。 （3）当关系代词泛指人时(rn sh)，多用that。 He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人） （4）当关系代词出现
21、在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如： Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? （避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清） 第13页/共40页第十四页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句15只能用只能用who，不能用，不能用that引导定语从句引导定语从句(cn j)的情况的情况第14页/共40页第十五页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句16B.关系代词关系代词which与与that的区别：的区别：(1) 当先行词为当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词以及不定代词anythin
22、g, something, everything等时，关系代词多用等时，关系代词多用that。例如：。例如： All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必闪闪发光物，未必(wib)尽黄金。尽黄金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。了我。 (2)当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：例
23、如： This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一这是我读过的最好的一部小说。部小说。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. (3)当关系代词出现在当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：。例如： Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为
24、了避免重很明显是为了避免重复复which） (4)在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：。例如： Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办将主办2008年奥运会。年奥运会。 (5)介词后的关系代词用介词后的关系代词用which，而不用，而不用that。例如：。例如： She has collected 600 stamps,
25、 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了她收集了600张邮票，其中张邮票，其中60是德国邮票。是德国邮票。 第15页/共40页第十六页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句17只能用只能用which不能用不能用that引导定语引导定语(dngy)从句的情况：从句的情况：引导非限定性定语引导非限定性定语(dngy)从句时从句时当关系代词前有介词时当关系代词前有介词时当先行词本身就是当先行词本身就是that时时Football, _ is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.This
26、is the house in _ he once lived.That you told him about is what we want to know.只能用只能用that不能用不能用which引导引导定语引导引导定语(dngy)从句的情从句的情况况先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词 all、little、much、everything 等时等时先行词被先行词被all、every、no、the only、the every等修饰时等修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词既指人又指物时主句是以主句是以who 或或whic
27、h开头的特殊疑问句时开头的特殊疑问句时This is the best film _ has been shown in the city.All _ is worth doing should be done well.They talked about the schools and teachers _ they had visited.Who is the man _ is reading the newspaper over there?第16页/共40页第十七页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句185、小结：关系代词、小结：关系代词(dic)用法注意事项用法注意事项（1
28、）如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词(dic)，关系代词(dic)一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears. （2）如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词(dic)常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：This is the most beautiful pl
29、ace that I have ever seen.（3）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词(dic)that，作宾语用的关系代词(dic)也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. （4）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded
30、 in the competition, which made his parents very happy. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 第17页/共40页第十八页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句19（5）that可指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 （6）which可作主语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征、品性或才能的人。 which引导(ynd
31、o)的定语从句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的 Her sister has become a lawyer, which she wanted to be. （7）当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which，为避免重叠，定语从句用that引导(yndo)。Who is the man that is standing by the door?（8）先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. （9）如果先行词是anyone
32、, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you? whom、 which和和that 在从在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时，后面，但介词提前时，后面(hu mian)的关系代词不可以省的关系代词不可以省略，且也不能用略，且也不能用that。第18页/共40页第十九页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句20（四）关系副词引导(yndo)的定语从句1、常见的关系
33、副词有：、常见的关系副词有：when where why 关系副词代替前面表示时间、地点和原因的先行词，关系副词代替前面表示时间、地点和原因的先行词，在定语在定语(dngy)从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，在从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点充当地点状语，状语，why充当原因状语。充当原因状语。 它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀： the time when the place where the reason why 与关系代词有什么不同？二者的选择依据？第19页/共40页第二十页
34、，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句21where表示表示的地方，修饰的地方，修饰(xish)场所、方位场所、方位名词名词This is the house. I was born in the house. =This is the house where I was born. 先行词先行词 关系副词关系副词 =This is the house which I was born in. =This is the house in which I was born.第20页/共40页第二十一页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句22用关系用关系(gun x)(gun x
35、)副词副词wherewhere连接下面的句子：连接下面的句子：This is the factory. I worked in the factory ten This is the factory. I worked in the factory ten years ago. years ago. The school is near a park. My son studies in this The school is near a park. My son studies in this school.school.We visited the house. Luxun once li
36、ved in the We visited the house. Luxun once lived in the house.house.This is the factory where I worked ten years ago.The school where my studies is near a park.We visited the house where Luxun once lived.第21页/共40页第二十二页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句23when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，并在定语引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，并在定语从句中作时间状语，相
37、当于从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词介词(jic)+关系代词关系代词(which)”。Ill never forget the day when I joined the league. when=on which(=on the day)We still remembered the days when we travelled together. when=in which(=in the days)第22页/共40页第二十三页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句24用关系副词用关系副词when连接下面连接下面(xi mian)的句子：的句子：Theyll never forget
38、 July 1. Hong Kong returned to its motherland on July 1. The days are gone forever. We used foreign oil during those days. There was a time. The businessman lost heart at that time. Theyll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland.The days when we used foreign oil are gone foreve
39、r. There was a time when the businessman lost heart.介词介词(jic)+关系代词关系代词which?第23页/共40页第二十四页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句25why表示表示的原因的原因(yunyn)， 的理由的理由Do you know the reason ? She got so angry for the reason yesterday.Do you know the reason why she got so angry yesterday? = Do you know the reason which she
40、got so angry for yesterday?= Do you know the reason for which she got so angry yesterday？ why = for which 第24页/共40页第二十五页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句265、关系副词引导的定语从句、关系副词引导的定语从句(cn j)小结：小结：(1)引导定语从句 (2)代替先行词 (3)在其所定语从句中担当一个成分。关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中充当主语(zhy)、宾语或定语；关系副词引导定语从句时，关系副词在从句中充当状语。 关系副词 = 介词+ 关系代词（不包括that
41、）why =for whichwhere =in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when =during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 牢记定语从句关系词的三个作用：牢记定语从句关系词的三个作用：第25页/共40页第二十六页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句27 “关系关系(gun x)副词副词=介词介词+关系关系(gun x)代词代词” 在定语从句中在定语从句中, 这个结构是不是任何时候都成立？这个结构是不是任何时候都成立？1. Ill never forget the days when /in which we worked
42、 together.2. Ill never forget the days which we spent together.3. I went to the place where/ in which I worked ten years ago.4. I went to the place which I visited ten years ago.5. This is the reason why/for which he was late. 6. This is the reason that/which he gave.第26页/共40页第二十七页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语
43、语法之从句28（五）（五）“介词介词 + + 关系代词关系代词”引导定语从句引导定语从句(cn j)(cn j) 介词介词 + which + which的定语从句的定语从句(cn j)(cn j)，修，修饰事或物饰事或物 介词介词 + whom + whom的定语从句的定语从句(cn j)(cn j)，修饰，修饰人人第27页/共40页第二十八页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句291. He paid $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 2. He e
44、xplained the reason for which he was late.3. The guitar with which George gave many performances was lost. 4. Luckily, wed brought a road map without which we would have lost our way. 5. She is a teacher of much knowledge, from whom much can be learned. 6. I have hired two typists , neither of whom
45、types better than you.第28页/共40页第二十九页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句30（六）特殊引导词（六）特殊引导词asas引导的定语从句：（引导限定引导的定语从句：（引导限定 性性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）定语从句和非限定性定语从句）asas最基本的用法是做连词最基本的用法是做连词“与与一样一样”，表示同级的，表示同级的比较，介词比较，介词“作为作为”。下面是它特殊的用法，例句：。下面是它特殊的用法，例句：1.He does not possess such qualifications as are 1.He does not possess suc
46、h qualifications as are necessary necessary toto be an actor. be an actor. 他并不具备一名演员应有他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。的资格。2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last 2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week, so I need week, so I need toto talk talk toto her about it so we her about it so we dont
47、wear them at the same time. dont wear them at the same time. 她买的那条裙子她买的那条裙子和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得“撞撞衫衫”。 3. The murderer who had killed several people on 3. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as the campus was finally ar
48、rested by the police, as was expected. was expected. 如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。（该句中并未出现与杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。（该句中并未出现与asas搭配的搭配的短语，此处的用法是短语，此处的用法是asas做关系做关系(gun x)(gun x)代词指代前面整代词指代前面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。）个句子，在定语从句中做主语。）4.As we all know, 4.As we all know, smoking is harmful smoking is harmful toto
49、ones health. ones health. 5.As is expected, the England team won the 5.As is expected, the England team won the football match. football match. 定语从句定语从句(cn j)与宾语从句与宾语从句(cn j)、同位语从句、同位语从句(cn j)、强调句型等的区别？、强调句型等的区别？第29页/共40页第三十页，共40页。高中(gozhng)英语语法之从句31学习定语从句需要注意的几个问题学习定语从句需要注意的几个问题(wnt) ：1、定语从句中关系代词与先
50、行词的一致性、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性 He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now.2、定语从句与强调结构、定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before3、定语从句与并列结构、定语从句与并列结构 He has two sons, neither of whom looks lik