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1、文化翻译基本方法,直译Literal translation shes a storage jar - a whole cistern - full of it!,除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢.一共住着多少家子,谁说得清?住两间房的就不多,又搭上今儿个搬来,明儿个又搬走.我没那么好的记性.大家见面,招呼声”吃了吗?”透着和气. Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound. How many families live there, only God knows. Those who
2、 occupy two rooms are very few. Besides, they are always on the go (moving in today and moving out tomorrow). I havent got such a good memory as to remember all that. When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.,直译：指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式，包括用词，句子结构，修辞
3、手段等，同时要求语言流畅易懂，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 literal translation: a method in which the translator tries to keep the original usage of words, structures and figures of speech in the translation which must be smooth to read and lead to no mistake or difficulty in understanding.,又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。 You want the horse
4、to run fast and you dont let it graze. 叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。 At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud. And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.,揭去方巾，见那娘子辛小姐，真有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。杨宪益儒
5、林外史 When the brides red veil was removed, he saw that Miss Xin the bride was lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame. 三年被毒蛇咬了，如今梦见一条绳子也是害怕。 A man who has been bitten by a poisonous snake will be frightened if he dreams of a rope three years after!,平儿说道：“癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉，没人伦的混账东西，起这样的
6、念头，叫他不得好死！”（11） “What a nasty, disgusting man!” said Patience. “A case of the toad on the ground wanting to eat the goose in the sky. Hell come to no good end, getting ideas like this”. (H),Advantages By keeping the original structure, figures of speech and usage of words, thus vividness of the orig
7、inal is maintained. Enrich target language and culture. flea market, honeymoon, maiden work, brainwash, chain store,Mechanic translation It is also called word-for-word translation. It tries to keep the original usage of words, original sentence structure, figures of speech as well. All these are do
8、ne regardless of linguistic and cultural differences. What is said in one language possibly may not be accepted or understood in another culture or language. In many cases, this method may lead to two consequences: the sentence appears hard to understand and not smooth to read; the meaning and the s
9、tyle of the sentence differ from the original.,匡超人听了这话，慌忙作揖，磕下头去，说道：“晚生真乃有眼不识泰山”。 When Kuang Chao-ren heard this, he made haste to bow. “Although I have eyes,” he exclaimed, “I have failed to see Mount Tai.”,等我性子上来，把这醋罐子打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！ Y: “One of these days when I really lose my temper, Im going to giv
10、e that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her whos master here.” H: One of these days when I get my temper up I m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body. Then perhaps shell know whos master round here.,直译与死译的区别： 直译能够符合译语习惯，通顺易懂。死译只注意保存原文形式，对原文的用词，句子结构，修辞手段等统统原封不动地搬过
11、来，在原语和译语差别很大的情况下也不做调整，因而晦涩难懂。 It was an old and ragged moon. 那是一轮又老有破的月亮。 那是一轮下弦残月。 He is the last one to fit for the job.,意译 从意义出发，只要求将原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文流畅自然即可。意译不注意原文用词，句子结构，修辞手段等。 Free translation is a method in which a translator translates mostly the meaning of the sentence while the structure o
12、f the original, its usage of words and figures of speech will not be maintained in the translation so that smooth reading and correct understanding of the translation can be achieved. Sometimes, change of metaphor is also accepted.,除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢.一共住着多少家子,谁说得清?住两间房的就不多,又搭上今儿个搬来,明儿个又搬走.我没那么好的记性.大家
13、见面,招呼声”吃了吗?”透着和气. Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound. How many families live there, only God knows. Those who occupy two rooms are very few. Besides, they are always on the go(moving in today and moving out tomorrow). I havent got such a good memory as to rem
14、ember all that. When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.,反正生米做成了熟饭，再生气也没有用。再说，妹妹的话也不无道理，那司马相如毕竟是被梁王看中过的人，总不会一辈子穷困潦倒的。（徐飞 凤求凰4） After all, whats done is done, and theres no point keeping on being angry about it. Besides, Wenjun may not be fa
15、r wrong when she says that Xiangru has a brilliant future ahead of him. Remember, he was highly thought of by the king of Liang at one time. He will surely not be poor and struggling all his life.,Advantage easy understanding and smooth reading Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free tra
16、nslation. Free translation is the last resort of a translator.,凤姐儿想一想，笑道：“一家子也是过正月节，合家赏灯吃酒，真真的热闹非凡。祖婆婆，太婆婆，媳妇，孙子媳妇，重孙媳妇，亲孙子媳妇，侄孙子，重孙子，灰孙子，滴滴答答的孙子，孙女儿，外孙女儿，姨表孙女儿，姑表孙女哎呦呦！真好热闹！ （54） Xifeng drained her cup and thought for a second. “In the middle of the first month,” she began, “during the Lantern Fest
17、ival a family was having a fine lively time, enjoying lanterns and drinking together. There were the great grandmother, grandmother, grandmothers-in-law, daughter-in-law, grand-nephews and a pack of grea-great-grandsons, as well as grand-daughters and grand-nieces on the paternal and maternal sides,
18、 and grand-nieces on the brothers and sisters sidesAiya, it was really lively”,套用法 在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。 壮得像头牛- as strong as a horse 聪明无比 - as wise as an owl 胆小如鼠 - as timid as a hare 急得像热锅上的蚂蚁 - as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof 海底捞针 - to look for a needle in a haystack 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬
19、水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 Everybodys business is nobodys business. One boy is boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.,注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语，来代替原语中的民族色彩浓的词语。 As wise as Solomon 智如诸葛 To teach ones grandmother to suck eggs. 夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。 Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。,想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了
20、他一场。 Its all the fault of this rascal Chai. He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lions hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits. 宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是情人眼里出西施。 Whats the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her? Its partly fate, and par
21、tly a case of “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”.,史进喝道：“汝等杀人放火，打家劫舍，犯着弥天大罪，都是该死的人，你也须有耳朵，好大胆，直来太岁头上动土！”（水浒传2） “You murder and burn, rob and plunder, your terrible crimes are all punishable by death”, Shi Jin shouted. “Havent you heard of me? Where do you get the gall to come and tweak the tigers
22、 whiskers?,直译加注法 既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。具体分为“文内加注”和“文外加注”。,文内加注 雨村拍案笑道：“拐到这女学生读至凡书中有敏字，皆念作密字，每每如是；写字遇着敏字，又减一二笔，我心中就有些疑惑。今听你说的，是为此无疑矣。”（2） Yucun pounded the table with a laugh. No wonder my pupil always pronounces min as mi and writes it with one or two strokes missing. That puzzled me, but now yo
23、uve explained the reason.” *One or two strokes missing: a parents name was taboo and had to be used in an altered form.(Y),子兴道：“不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初一所生，故名元春，余者方从了春字，上一辈的，却也是从弟兄而来。现有对证：你贵东家林公之夫人，即荣府中赦政二公之胞妹，在家时名唤贾敏。（2）,Y: “You dont understand,” said Zixing. “They named the eldest girl Yuanchun because she
24、was born on New Years Day, and so the others have “chun” in their names too. But all the girls of the last generation had names like those of boys. For proof, look at the wife of your respected employer Mr.Lin, the sister of Jia She and Jia Zheng in the Rong Mansion. Her name, before she married, wa
25、s Jia Min. If you dont believe me, check up when you go back.” *Yuanchun: Cardinal Spring *Min has the same radical as She and Zheng.,“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。 “Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nuns voice tearfully in the distance.(- a curse intolerable to hear in China),却自己叹息道：“人说塞翁失
26、马，未知是福是祸。可见这番回家也不叫做不幸！” When the old man at the frontier lost his horse, he thought it might be a good thing.” Sighed Xiao. so my return cant be called unfortunate!” (An allusion to a story popular for more than 2,000 years in China. When an old man lost his horse, neighbours condoled with him. “Thi
27、s may prove unlucky,” he said. When his son, who liked the new horse, rode it and broke his leg, once more the neighbours expressed their sympathy. “This may turn out for the best,” said the old man. And, indeed, then the Huns invaded the country and most able-bodied men were conscripted and killed
28、in battle; but thanks to his broken leg the old mans son survived）.,我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。 I was born in the Year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck. Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symb
29、olize the year in which a person is born. Spring Festival 2005, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.
30、,文外加注-巧妙地加在句中，保证了译文的流畅性。 一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅祝福） After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.,“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”
31、H: “Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered. He was reminded of Zhuang-zis story of the beautiful Xi-shis ugly neighbour, whose endeavours to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an aspect so hideous that people ran from her in ter
32、ror. The recollection of it made him smile. “This is imitating the Frowner with a vengeance,” he thought, “-if that is really what she is doing. not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!”,异化与归化(foreignizing and domesticating /adaptation and alienation) 归化和异化可看作是直译和意译的概念延伸，但并不等同于直译和意译。直译与意译所关注
33、的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义,而归化和异化则突破了语言因素的局限,将视野扩展到语言,文化和美学等因素.如果说直译和意译只是语言层次的讨论，作为文化转向的产物，归化和异化必然包含了深刻的文化，文学乃至政治的内涵。,异化法要求译者向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式,来表达原文的内容；异化法则是对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力,接受外语文本的语言及文化差异,把读者带入外国情景. 归化法则要求译者向目的语读者靠拢，采取目的语读者所习惯的目的语表达形式，来传达原文的内容。归化法是采取民族中心主义的态度,使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观,把原作者带入译入语文化,从这个界定来看
34、，异化大致相当于直译，归化大致相当于意译。,真是 “天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。 “Truly, storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight”. (Yang) “I know “the weather and human life are both unpredictable.” (Hawks) “巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢？” Y: “Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a meal without rice. What do you expect me to do?” H: “I dont see what I am supposed to do without any capital. Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour.”,