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1、英文学术论文写作的PPT 讲稿新东方集团国外考试部韦晓亮出版物：GRE 作文大讲堂 GRE 网络课堂-写作GMAT 网络课堂-写作主讲课程：GMAT 写作/GRE 写作/TOEFL 写作/雅思写作主讲讲座：GRE 考试综述/新托福写作/出国留学规划/学术论文写作What We ll Talk About z学术论文的写作原则z学术论文的语言特点z学术论文的创作步骤z如何做学术专业陈述What Is the Purpose of Doing Research?It is not about the number of papers It is not about the impact facto
2、r of the papers Good Research Is the Key What s the Common Problem?No ideas Ideas but no writing Writing but nothing sent off Writing sent off but not accepted 1 学术论文的写作原则一.以读者为中心（Reader-Centered）背景信息的介绍重要信息置前原则定义关键用语和概念明确的逻辑连接二.避免啰唆和使用大词（Reduce Wordiness and large words）例：The administrator is respo
3、nsible for soliciting,collecting and distributing graduate research grants so that graduate students have the ability to find employment by doing research project.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 16 页 -Revised:The administration solicits,collects and distributes graduate research grants for graduate s
4、tudents.例：I write to you to let you know about our new phone policy that has been discussed and decided upon.Revised:We have decided upon a new phone policy.三行原则三.首先陈述主要论点（Put Major Points First）Direct,up-front approach 四.写作要具体（Specifically and Concretely）类比、举例、引用、数据For example,.This example illustr
5、ates the theory of by(“Non-native writers do not seem to prove their points.They expect the professor to fill in the details.”)例:According to the statistics,we can conclude that.Many examples can be used to prove that.五.表现批判性的思维（Critical Thinking）2 学术论文的语言特点一长短句的结合重要论点或技术性很强的信息短句几个长句一个短句的节奏二人称的使用I-W
6、e We believe,We recommend,We propose 三主动 被动We prove that the results reflect the Revised:It is proved that the results reflect the 避免使用 you You can see from the results in Figure 1,名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 16 页 -Revised:As is shown in Figure 1,四.选择更加正式的语言表达A正式的形容词a lot,many-numerous,various,例：
7、There are many different reasons.Revised:There are numerous reasons.对于方法的评价语言必然涉及到的形容词:少用 good,bad,great,nice,poor，寻求更加书面的表达描述研究的“好”和“坏”的正式形容词归纳：PositiveNegativeinnovativeflawedsignificantunsatisfactoryrigorousthinimpressivesloppyremarkableunwarrantedelegantlimitedB.正式的副词Very-highly,extremely,quite,
8、rather C.正式的动词Get-receive,obtain,achieve The author reported/showed/proposed/developed/observed/demonstrated/presented The author contends/maintains/implied/claims The author points out/notes/stresses/emphasizes/pays particular attention to 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 16 页 -D.其他正式用语惯例(1)避免使用缩写Don
9、t,can t,isnt do not,can not,is not(2)否定形式的否定句 肯定形式的否定句does not,do not,have not,can not fail,miss,lack,neglect,deny,far from(3)避免不确定的语言 etc.3 学术论文的创作步骤Title准确反映主题，一目了然，吸引眼球Abstract论文的论点和精华，重要细节Introduction所讨论和解决的问题，背景及相关工作，本文所采用的方法和贡献Methods方法、理论推导过程Results研究工作的新发现、成果以及评价名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，
10、共 16 页 -Discussion解释研究的结果和研究成果的意义Conclusion总结论文主要内容、方法、指出下一步研究方向和任务（Abstract）Acknowledgement致谢不在作者名单但有贡献的人References列出文中引用的相关论文标题 Title Include the topic of the study Include the scope of the study Make it easy to understand without reading first Include key words to categorize and find in searches
11、Follow standard capitalization for your field(NOT ALL)IEEE http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org Science Direct http:/ American Mathematical Society http:/www.ams.org 反例：What is memory？Optimum Associative Neural Network Utilizing Maximum Likelihood 摘要 Abstract 全文的缩影Conference Program Abstract 所应该包含的内容：名师资料总结-精品
12、资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 16 页 -Background:introduce the topic(optional)Purpose of the study:study aim Methods of the study:overview of the methods Finding/Results of the study:overview of result Conclusion,implication of the study 标志性的句子Topic sentence introducing the purpose The purpose of this paper i
13、s The primary goal of this research is The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of The overall objective of this study is In this paper,we propose Methods introduction The method used in our study is known as The technique we applied is referred to as A number of experiments were
14、performed to check This research has recorded valuable data using the newly developed method of Concluding sentences The result of the experiments indicate that Our work involving proving to be encouraging.In this paper,a new learning rule and theoretical analysis of an extended bidirectional associ
15、ative memory network(MLBAM)is presented,by using the maximum likelihood criterion based on two well recognized and essential criteria,i.e.,the convergence of the learning rule,and the noise tolerance of this network.Traditional methods fail to distinguish highly approximative patterns.However,the me
16、thod in our study can improve this by using the newly developed method of maximum likelihood criterion.In addition,the learning approach guarantees that correlated patterns could be associated as a stable state and the network possesses excellent anti-noise property by using likelihood function,name
17、ly,the learning approach specializes in the situation including stochastic disturbance.Additionally,the associative capability of the bidirectional associative memory is specifically discussed.Finally,two experiments are used to certify the validity and efficiency of our method,especially the method
18、s excellent anti-noise property by using likelihood function.介绍 Introduction Establish and Narrow the topic 建立/缩小主题 Literature review 研究评价（发展过程趋势）Investigation needed(Gap)指出空白Purpose of your research 研究目的名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 16 页 -Value of your research 研究价值 Outline 文章结构Establish the topic
19、 General statement about the area of research being focused on establishing the narrowed research topic 研究大主题/背景-论文研究小主题Establishing expression 例：The solution of is a fundamental mathematical problem which arises in many fields of .The aim is to solve a set of simultaneously.The solution of a linear
20、 system of equations is a fundamental mathematical problem which arises in many fields of engineering and science.The aim is to solve a set of linear equations simultaneously.例:Recent advances in molecular biology such as cloning demonstrate that increasingly complex micromanipulation strategies for
21、 manipulating individual biology cells are required.Microrobotic systems have the potential to change the way in which biological cells are studied and manipulated by enabling complex biomanipulation techniques.(International Journal of Robotics Research,pp.64-75,2002)Literature Review Trends in the
22、 research Historical development of this area Different methodologies used 研究发展趋势-不同方法的优缺点-最具特征的研究方法 have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications.is one of the major topics in neural networks.introduced which is powerful and has been universally noted1-2.has been extended to be by 3-4
23、.In ,presented the theory of by generalizing .However,the defect of this traditional learning rule is obvious that is limited and it fails to 8-17.have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications.is one of the major topics in neural networks.introduced which is powerful and has been unive
24、rsally noted1-2.has been extended to be by 3-4.In ,presented the theory of by generalizing .However,the defect of this traditional learning rule is obvious that is limited and it fails to 8-17.have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications.is one of the major topics in neural networks.i
25、ntroduced which is powerful and has been universally noted1-2.has been extended to be by 3-4.In ,presented the theory of by generalizing .However,the defect of this traditional learning rule is obvious that is limited and it fails to 8-17.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 16 页 -Establish the Gap(Need)-
26、指出不足 Several studies have suggested associations between estrogen and mood states such as depression and anxiety.Similarly,many studies have explored the relationship between smoking and depression.However,little has been done to investigate the direct effect of estrogen on smoking in women smokers.
27、说明不足的方法和句式总结构成否定（negative constructions）Little research has been done on Little work has focused on XXX has been given limited attention Few attempts have been made to Few studies have examined No data have found a relationship between None of the findings indicate 二.构成比较（Contrastive Construction）Al
28、though much research has been devoted to(A)rather less attention has been paid to(B)Research to date has tended to explore the area of(A),rather than(B)While many studies have examined(A)far fewer have examined(B)三.构成疑问（Question Construction）It remains unclear,however,whether These findings suggest
29、that there remains doubt about Thus,it would be of interest to learn how 四.非完全否定承接(Without being completely negative)(kinder/gentler)Previous work shows that the XXX method is useful for analyzingThis paper uses the XXX method to further explore Recent development in the use of computer-aided instru
30、ction technology cleary has great potential in the classroom.In this paper,we further demonstrate how 五.否定动词(Negative Verbs)However,research to date has been limited on 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 16 页 -been restricted on suffered from overlooked neglected to consider disregarded 否定形容词(Negative a
31、djectives)However,explanations about XXX to date are incomplete unconvincing questionable unsatisfactory misguided flawed State the Purpose of Your Research(Purpose and Larger field)Purpose Sentences：The aim of the present research is to give This study was designed to calculate/evaluate This study
32、describes and analyzes the problems of and then presents a solution of The primary focus of this paper is to A secondary purpose is Larger Field Sentences:This research may contribute to the field of by It is hoped that this study will provide further insights into The results of this research have
33、the potential to This topic was identified as being of importance to researchers in providing them the necessary background to How is the paper organized?After a brief discussion about,we describe the methodology and the broad context of the study.We then discuss The outline for this paper is as fol
34、lows:Section II oulines the assumptions for Section III lays out the framework forSection IV describesThe paper is concluded in Section V which presents Section 2 describes the neural model that has been developed for the application and the operation of BAM based on the maximum likelihood criterion
35、.Section 3 describes the learning algorithm that is used to train the network.In Section 4,certain essential performances of this algorithm are presented.Section 5 provides three experiments to certify the validity and efficiency of our method.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 16 页 -Method/Formula 方法/问
36、题描述公式的描述用词 Let p stand for Let N equal Consider Note Notice Compare Suppose/Supposing where 图表的描述词decline climbplunglevel offbounce backfluctuateslideriseplummetstabilizerallypopplesteeplinear increasecollapse remain steadyrecoverundulatedescendgainslumpflatten offreboundwave图表的描述句The year started w
37、ith a decline in sales.The year started with a steady decline in sales.The year(2007)started with a steady decline,from 25.6 to 24.2,in sales.图表的描述结构结构化Year1988 19911994 1997 2000 2002名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 16 页 -Food24.4%24%23.1%22.3%22%22.2%Medical Care2.5%2.5%2.7%2.9%3.2%3.2%Transportati
38、on and Communication10.2%10%10.6%11.6%12.8%13.2%Clothes7.1%7.1%6.2%5.7%5%4.8%Fuel,light and Water Charges5.1%5.1%5.4%5.8%6.2%6.3%图表的描述结构化语言概述化What is shown in the graph indicates that drastic change have taken place on_between_and _.具体化 To be specific,A and B have soared,respectively,by_and _.对比化 In
39、 contrast,B declined from_to _at an accelerating rate from _to_,and it is also the case with D during the same period of time.解释化 The statistics of ris and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to each other.To detail this,N reasons can be cited to justify this.First and foremost,_.In
40、addition,_.Last but not least,_.结论化 Based on 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 16 页 -the analyses made above,we may safely come to the conclusion that_.实验结果部分Result Section 展现方法的实验数据向读者揭示和解释数据自己的结果和他人结果的比较-引用文献组织方式-主-次缺乏解释的数据Data 1:In the 30 control subjects,the mean resting heart rate was 99.The mean
41、 heart rate of the 25 soccer player was 84.Data 2:In poor essays,there were an average of 19.3 uses of transitions compared to 26.5 uses in good essays.Data+Result（Interpretation）结果部分的陈述举例Ex.1 The mean resting heart rate was significantly higher for the control subjects(79)than for the soccer player
42、s(54).Ex.2 The mean resting heart rate was XX%higher for the control subjects than for the soccer players(79 and 54,respectively).Ex.3 Using the average number of T-tests for good and poor essays,(27.5 and 18.3,respectively),we found that good essays contained proportionally more transitions than po
43、or essays(1.346 and 0.984,respectively),and substantially more correct uses of transitions(1.346 and 0.685,respectively).Conclusion Section 讨论部分重申研究的目的和基本假设研究结果以及结果的含义更广义的研究价值研究结果的缺陷和不足进一步的工作重申研究的核心和基本假设Restate the original hypothesis or focus of the study 例句：This study focused on assessing two theo
44、ries of.研究结果的含义Explain the significance of this research 例句：The result found in the study indicate 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 16 页 -that 更广义的研究价值Explain how these findings may be applied to a broader area 例句：This research can be useful in the areas of.研究结果的缺陷和不足 Explain the limitations or weakn
45、esses of the findings-what it did not or could not measure 例句：1.The study did not allow us to 2.It should be noted that this study is restricted to 说明进一步的工作Implications for future work 例句：1.This approach provides a novel approach for future studies on 2.The result encountered in this study leads us
46、to speculate that if additional studies are done,will be found.Acknowledgement 致谢部分The authors wish to thank References 1 Kosko B.Bidirectional Associative MemoriesJ.IEEE Trans.System,Man,and Cybernetics,1988,18(1):49-60.2 Kosko B.Adaptive Bidirectional Associative MemoriesJ.Applied Optics,1987,26(2
47、3):4947-4960.Appendix(figure,table,caption)Cover letter 简述所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义拟投期刊附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e-mail 地址此外有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。注明没有一搞多投名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 13 页，共 16 页 -Cover letter 范例Dear Prof.Feng:This is a manuscript by*and*entitled“.”.It is submitted to be considered for publication as
48、 a“.”in your journal.This paper is new.Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere.It is not being submitted to any other journal.We believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it.Correspondence should b
49、e addressed to*at the following address,phone and fax number,and email address:.Thanks very much for your attention to our paper.Sincerely yours,*投出了，没消息？怎么办？Consulting letter Dear Editor-in-Chief,We have submitted our paper Optimum Associative Neural Network Utilizing Least Square(#NCA-225)to Neura
50、l Computing and Applications.Learning from the information provided by NVA website,we have known that our paper is still in the status of Editor Assingment Pending.Seized with strong interest,we are waiting anxiously for news of your further response.Finally,thank you for your help and I hope to hea