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1、标点(Punctuation)好好玩一、Apostrophe ()省字符号、所有格符号这个标点在中文里是没有的；但在英文里却随处可见。主要用在下列几方面：* 表示所有格(所有格的变化也不少，详细情形容后再谈) * 缩写式* 表示一些数字、字母、日期、缩写的复数形式1.1 所有格(Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在动物方面) 1.1.1 在名词 (有生命的 )后加上s 表示单数所有格：1. Sarahs coat is black.莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarahs=莎拉的 ) 2. The boys hat.(这男孩有一顶帽子) 3. The boys hats.(这男孩有好几
2、顶帽子) 4. Joness office.(Jones 只有一个音节，结尾是s, 所有格加s)5. Jonessweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的结尾是s, 而接下来的词又以s开始，那么， 所有格就只加 喔,真好玩！ ) 6. Moses mouth is wide. ( Moses 的尾音有重复的z 音，所有格只加) 7. Louis candy is sticky. ( Louis 有不止一个音节，结尾s，所有格只加 。为什么呢？好玩极了！) 8. My mother-in-laws house.(monther-in-law 之类的 复合名词，所有格s加
3、在结尾处 ) 9.The Surgeon Generals report is due soon. (Surgeon General 是复合词，同上。 ) = 哎呀！是不是觉得很乱？让我们归纳一下：A. 一般单数名词 (有生命的 !)，所有格只在结尾加s (第 1-3 句) B. 如果单数名词尾是s, 或 ce，所有格只加或 s (第 4 句) C. 如果单数名词尾是s, 而跟着是以S开头的词，所有格只加 (第 5 句) D. 如果单数名词尾音有重复的s 或 z 音，或是eez音，所有格只加 (第 6 句 ) E. 如果 B 项的名词只有一个音节(syllable) ，所有格只能加s(第 4
4、句) F. 如果 B 项的名词有二个以上音节，所有格则只加(第 7 句) G. 复合词类处理法同A。(第 8-9 句) - - 1.1.2二人 (或其他动物 )以上的所有格表示法：1. The boys shoes.(在复数 boys 尾加上而不是s 喔) 2. The womens bags. (woman 的复数是women, 所有格是s) 3. The childrens caps. (child 的复数是children ，和 women 同类型，所有格加名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 -
5、- - - - - - 第 1 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - s) 4. The actresses hats. (actress 的复数是actresses ，因为结尾是es, 因此所有格只加便可 ) 5. The babies toys.(baby 的复数是babies，结尾有 es，因此所有格只加) 6. Ms. Joneses house. (Joneses 是 Jones 的复数 ) 7. My mothers-in-laws house. ( 注意是 motherS 喔，所有格还是加s) = 同样来归纳一下：A.简单复数名词(同样是有生命的喔)的所有格写法是
6、：先将原来单数名词结尾加s 变成复数，然后在结尾处再加上即成。 (第 1 句) B. 如果复数名词是由改变其内的韵母形成的，所有格同单数名词一样，结尾加上s (第 2-3 句) C.如果复数名词尾是es, 所有格只加 (第 4-6 句) D.如果是复数复合名词，则先将主要单数名词转成复数，然后在复合名词尾加上s (第 7 句) - 1.1.3如果是几个名词并列的,所有格s 加在最后一个名词尾：1. Joe and Lindas house is being sold.乔和琳达的房子已卖了。(这里表示房子是 Joe和 Linda 所共有 ) - 1.1.4如果几个名词是个别表示所有格时，每个名词
7、尾都须加上s : 1.Mikes and Mollys grades have improved.迈克和莫莉的成绩已有进步。(这里表示迈克和莫莉各别的成绩都有进步) - 1.1.5不定式名词的所有格是在词尾加s：1. I need someones help with my homework.(someone 指某人 ,所有格 someones 某人的 ) - 1.1.6代名词的所有格不可加上或 s ：1. Shella, whose eyes are blue?(whose 哪个人的，已有所有格的意思) 2. This book is hers, not yours.(hers她的， you
8、rs 你的 ) 3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的 ) 4. Its a nice day. (its 是 it is 的意思 ,不属于所有格) 5. That is your right. (your 你的 ) = 1.2缩写式 (Contractions): 1.2.1 在字词、日期中一部份字母或数字被省略，以 代之。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 1. She wouldnt work
9、 for the govt in 93.(wouldnt=would not, govt=government, 93=1993) 1.2.2名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略 1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us.(Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可写成Lt , Wm=William, 不可写成Wm) = 1.3复数形式 (Plurals): 1.3.1当一个词在句子里能清楚反映其复数意义时，不可再加：1.Dont give me any ifs, ands, or buts.(不可写成ifs , ands , buts) - 1.3.2在句子里，当一个词仅仅作为一个词时，其复
10、数形式可加s 使其含意更清晰：1.He used twenty-five ands in one paragraph.他在一段里用了25 个 and字。- 1.3.3日期、数目字、只取首字母的缩写词(acronyms)这类以大写字母结尾时，复数形式只需加上s ，不必再加上 : 1.Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s.(Ph.D.s 不可写成Ph.D.s,1970s 也不可写成1970s) - 1.3.4当一个大写字母的复数形式可能会被误解时，可加上s 以表示复数：1.The Roman Numerals for the number
11、 eight is a V followed by three Is. 罗马数字八的写法是V 后加上三个I 。(这时如果Is 只写成Is , 就可能引起误解 ) = 到目前为止，我们只谈了一个Apostrophe 就有这么多丁丁东东。所以你说英文标点好玩不好玩？标点 (Punctuation)好好玩 (二) 逗号 /逗点在中文或英文里是再普通不过的一个标点符号；可是，它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。二、Comma ( ，) 逗号、逗点在英文里，逗号的用途有：名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 -
12、- - - - - - 第 3 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - * 连接句子里不同的成份* 分开句子里不同的成份* 突出句子里的某个成份* 替代句子里的某个成份成份指：词、短语(phrase)、子句 (clause)等。2.1连接句子里不同的成份2.1.1 逗号用在以and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等连接词的两个主要子句之间：1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 连接两个子句 ) 2. He painted the exterior of
13、 the house, and she painted the interior. ( 以,and 连接两个子句) = 2.2分开句子里不同的成份2.2.1 用逗号分开两个以上的并列形容词：(如果并列的形容词之间可加上and, but 等，那就加上逗号；否则不可) 1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可写成He is a tall and distinguished fellow.) 2.She is a little and old lady. ( 不可写成She is a little, old lady.) - 2.2.2
14、在两个修饰主语的短语之间加上逗号(句短可不加 )：1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主语 she) 2.At 10 oclock the bus arrived.(不必写成At 10 oclock, the bus arrived.) - 2.2.3在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名称之前及后都要加上逗号(除了所有格的名称): 1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr.,
15、 chairman of their board. (,Jr.,) 2.That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.s company.(,Jr.s后面不可再加逗号) - 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 2.2.4在追问句之前加逗号：1.Do it, wont you?(Do it 是命令语气， wont you?是追问 ) 2.You know the answer, dont you? 3
16、.It is warm today, isnt it? - 2.2.5一个以副词或副词短语开头的句子，如果它和前面的句子有关联的话，必须在有关副词或副词短语后加上逗号：1.She believed he had the talent to succeed.Unfortunately, he was lazy. (后一个句子以副词unfortunately 开头，同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的关联) - 2.2.6在句子里有超过三个并列词或短语等，在最后一个，and, or, nor 等之前加逗号：1.He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and n
17、otebooks for the class. (简单说就是pencils, pens, notebooks 要写成pencils, pens, and notebooks) 2.Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (.apples, and.) 3.She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house.(up the staris, across the porch, into the house 是三个短语，在最后一个加,and) 4.We al
18、l agreed that she was beautiful,that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious.(三个 that she was.都是子句) - 2.2.7在句子中加上逗号，以免引起误解：1.That she knew where the money was, was news to me.(如果 was, was 之间不加逗号，是不是会引起误解呢？) 2.Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到处是断枝。(如果 o
19、utside 后去掉逗号 , 那意思就变成 “ 在草坪的外面到处是断枝。”)- 2.2.8用逗号分开引用句：1.“ You are beautiful,” he said.(这个逗号要放在引号内) 2.Our teacher said, “ Freedom is not license.”(.said,) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 3.“ No, ” she said, “ I was just test
20、ing your patience.” (No, /.said,) 4.“ Perhaps, ” Tom responded, “ I will try anyway.” (Perhaps, /responded,) - 2.2.9逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份：1.On Monday, May 5,2000,her first child was born. (Monday, May 5, 2000, ) 2.On March 8, 2003,he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, ) 3.June 2000 is one of the most meanin
21、gful of my life.(只有月和年，就不必加逗号 ) - 2.2.10逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名、街道名、巷弄名等：1.Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A. - 2.2.11逗号用在such as 和 especially 的前面：1.They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding. 2.He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
22、= 2.3突出句子中某个插入成份(Parenthetical elements): 所谓插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感叹词、状语、副词子句等。2.3.1句子里插入的词、短语、子句等,加上逗号以示插入成份：1.He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning.( 插入however) 2.No, you may not come with us.(插入No) - 2.3.2用逗号分开 “ 乃此非彼 ” 的结构：1.Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting.(
23、是 Jane，不是Shirley) 2.He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. ( 是吴先生，不是胡先生) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 3.Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火) 4.It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first at
24、tracted him. (为的是她的财富，不是为了她的妩媚或个性) - 2.3.3句中有非限制性的词或短语之类，以逗号标出以示插入成份：1.Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 为插入成份 ) 2.Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份my English teacher) 3.Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.( 插入成份who is a famous scholar) 4.Eleanor, his wi
25、fe of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business. (试将插入成份his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？) - 2.3.4句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、国名并列，省、州、国名前后须加逗号：1.We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 为插入成份 ) 2.Paris, France, is sometimes called The City of Lights. (France 为插入成份 ) 3.Hartfo
26、rd, Connecticuts investment in the insurance industry is well known.(Connecticuts 为所有格式，后面不可加逗号喔) - 2.3.5句中带着连接词(but, and, or.)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗号：1.The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗号) 2.The Tigers spent much of the seaso
27、n at the bottom of the league, and even though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗号) - 2.3.6向人说话时，逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前或者前后都加：1.John, come here.(John, 逗号在名字之后) 2.Open the door, John.( ,John 逗号放在名字之前) 3.It is, Sir, not my fault.( , Sir, 逗号放在称谓前面
28、和后面) = 2.4替代句子里某个成份名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 2.4.1用逗号替代句子里某部份，表示字词的省略：1.The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本应该是the lamb is the symbol of meekness) 2.George was the hard w
29、orker, John, the lazy one.(John, the lazy one 原本应该是John was the lazy one) = 终于搞定。你说英文逗号容易用，还是中文逗号容易用？标点 (Punctuation)好好玩 (三) 三、Period / Full Stop(.)句号、句点句号的写法，在英文里是个小黑点(.)，可在中文却是个小圈儿(。)(在科学技术文章里也可用 “ 小黑点 ”)。用法也有些差异，在英文方面，最“ 好玩 ” 的是用在缩写方面：* 句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾* 句号用在缩写方面* 句号用在数目字方面3.1句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句
30、等的句尾：3.1.1用在陈述句 (Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子结束：1. I am leaving now. 2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends. - 3.1.2用在祈使句 (Imperative sentence)尾，表示句子结束：1.Close the door. 2.Turn in your papers, please. - 3.1.3用在礼貌的、祈使性的、以及间接疑问句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子结束：1.Will you please send me three copies.麻烦你给我
31、三份。(不要看到Will you.就在句尾加问号喔) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 2.Since when am I supposed to believe this.我什么时候会相信这个呢。3.He asked if you can come.他问你能不能来。= 3.2句号用在表示缩写(Abbreviation, Acronym): 3.2.1 缩写词 (Abbreviation) ： (将一个字词省略其
32、中某些字母,字尾须加句号 ) 1.称呼： Mr. = Mister,Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor / Ministry , Esq. = Esquire ( 先生 ) 2.时间： yr. = year, min.=minute 3.星期： Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. = Thursday,Fri. = Friday,Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday 4.月份： Jan. = January, Feb. = Februa
33、ry, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December(注意： oct. = octave 八度 , nov. = novelist 小说家 , dec. = deceased亡故 ) 5.国名： Afr. = Africa / African,Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. = France / French,Ger. = Germ
34、any,It. = Italy / Italian 6.其他： etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum / minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers (No. = Number 第几号之意 ) - 3.2.2Acronym ( 只取首字母的缩写词)：1.公元： A.D. = Anno Domin( 公元 )，B.C. = Before Christ( 公元前 ) 2.邮政： G.P.O. = General Post
35、 Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender 3,时间： a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午，p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem 下午4.国名： U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America 5.其他： F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息 , r.p.m.= Revolution Per
36、 Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下页， P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers Association 家长教师协会- 也许是大家觉得缩写词后加个小黑点是件麻烦事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 些不加句点的缩写词：1.组织名： UN,UNESCO,WTO 2.数目： $75 , 2nd,5th,Henry V 3
37、.常用词： memo ,math ,exam ,lab ,dorm ,TV ,CD ,VCD ,DVD, PS =Postscript 附言， SARS (现在是无人不知其大名的了！) 4.度量衡 : mm ,cm,km,g,mg ,ml , kw , kv = 3.3 句号用在数字方面：3.3.1 表示小数点：1.$12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45,50.45%,5.2 kg - 3.3.2用于大纲列表：例：I.第一学期体育教学1. 游泳a.自由式注意：在括号内的数字或字母，不可加句号：(3), (b),(Iv) = 其实 Period 一点也不好玩的，你说是吗？标点 (Pu
38、nctuation)好好玩 (四) 四、Ellipsis (.) 省略号英文省略号的写法是三个小黑点(.)，而中文是则是六点( ) 。用法如下：4.1句子删节4.1.1表示在引号中的删节：1. “ .into that good night.”2.“ You wont.” Lois began. (错误： “ You wont.,”)名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 3.“ Then youd blast of
39、f.on screen, as if you were looking out.of aspaceship.”- 4.1.2在句子中间删节，跟着省略号的字母必须小写：1. He agreed that prices were.reasonable. - 4.1.3句尾删节，要点四点(.)：1. She disagreed with the decision. ( 最后一点是句号? ) = 4.2表示在对话或叙述中的停顿、犹豫、踌躇、语气强调等：1.Clutching at his throat, he gasped, “ Help.help me.”2.He seemed nervous.st
40、ared straight ahead.kept twitching and jerking.then he ran for shelter. 3.You mean.I.uh.we have a test today? = 4.3段落的删节4.3.1删节一段以上，以一行小点代之：This is paragraph 1. . (表示删节第2-4 段) This is paragraph 5. - 4.3.2如果段落删节开始开某段的中间，点四点表示下面的文字被删节：This is.(这里点四点，表示从这里开始删节) .(这里点一行，表示其中的段落被删节) This is paragraph 5.
41、- 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 4.3.3如果删节的最后一段只省略中间的一部份，最后一段的开始处点三点：This is paragraph 1. . .is paragraph 5.(.表示它之前的第五段文字被省略) = 4.4表示连结(以一长串小黑点表示) 4.4.1用于目录：Chapter 3.page 45 = 五、Quotation Marks 引号 ( 当没有特别说明时为双引号 ? Single
42、 Quotation Marks 单引号) 5.1直接引用，这是最常见的用法：5.1.1引号内的引用句为原句：1. She said, “ Hurry up.” 她说： “ 快点儿。 ” ( 注意中、英标点用法不同处) 2. “ I can come today,” she said, “ but not tomorrow.”3.The sign changed from “ Walk, ” to “ Dont walk,” to “ Walk” againwithin 30 seconds. 4. “ Im finally tired enough to get to sleep,” she
43、 yawned. (这里的引用句结尾是逗号，不可用句号喔) 5.They shouted,“ Congratulations!” through the door.- 5.1.2如果引用句本身为陈述句，而整句为问句，那问号就要加在引号之后：1. Did he say, “ I am going to college next year” ? (注意是 “” ？问号在引号之外喔 ) 2. Do you agree with the saying,“ A living dog is better than a dead lion”?(整句是问你同意引号内的那句话吗，所以问号要加在句尾) - 名师资
44、料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 5.1.3如果引用句本身是个问句，那问号就要加在引号内：1.Did he say, “ Are you going to college next year?” (这里 “ ?”这个问句要放在引号内。不可写成Did he say, “Are you going to college nextyear? ” ?)2. She asked, “ Will you still be my
45、friend?”(句尾同样不可再加问号喔) - 5.1.4引用的字或短语如在整句中并无中断，这时就不必加上逗号：1. The phrase “ lovely, dark and deep” begins to suggest ominousovertones. - 5.1.5如引用句属于句子的一部份，在引号前加冒号(:)：1. My mothers favorite quote was from Shakespeare: “ This above all, tothine own self be true.”- 5.1.6如果引用句内又有引用句，那就要用单引号(, ?)以示区别：1.Georg
46、e explained, “ I heard her say, ,Go away!?so I left.”2.He said, “ Mary said,Do not treat me that way.?” (注意句尾的句号是在单引号内，而句尾的单引号和双引号之间不可再加标点) - 5.1.7引用句有两段以上时，只在每一段开始用引号( “)，直到结束段最后才加引号( ”)：“ This is paragraph 1(这里只用 “)“ This is paragraph 2(这里也只用 “)“ This is paragraph 3.” (最后就要用 “”)- 5.1.8多人对话式引用句，各对话
47、各占一段：“ Ill do my best,” he said. (引用句结尾用的是逗号，而不是句号,因为接着有he said) “ How old is he?” she asked.“ According to his passport hes thirty -one. ” (这里的引用句结尾用句号，因为没有 he said) “ And what is his real name?”“ Wilson.”“ Edward Wilson,” she said softly.= 5.2引用句属 “ 无声对话 ” ，加不加引号都可以：名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - -
48、- - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 13 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 1.Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself.(Oh, what a beautiful morning 这句话是Curly 对自己说的，并没发出声音,不必加上引号 ) 2.“ Oh, what a beautiful morning!” Curly said to himself.(加上引号也行) = 5.3间接引用语不可加上引号：1. The President said
49、that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries.(The President said 后面的话并非原话，因此不必加上引号 ) 2,Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore. = 5.4文章、报告、评论、短篇故事、诗歌、戏剧、电影等标题/篇名都用引号5.4.1在句子中提到的标题或篇名用双引号( “”)：1. My favorite short story is “ The Tre
50、asure.” (句尾的句号放在引号内是美国式的；英国式的则放在引号外“The Treasure ”.)2. My favorite peom is Robert Frosts “ Design.”3. The poem “ Trees ” was written by Joyce Kilmer. (“ Trees ”在句中，不可加其他标点 ) 4. “ The Time Machine” is my favorite film.5.What do you think of William Shakespeares “ Henry V ” ? (除了句号及逗号，其他如问号等的位置，须视句子而定