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1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,The United States of America,Chapter 8 History,英语国家概况,America Between 1600-1900,I. America in the Colonial Era II. The American War of Independence III. The American Civil War,I. America in the Colonial Era,Pre-Columbian period(前哥伦比亚时期) Colonial Period(殖民
2、地时期，late 15th to 18th century),Pre-colonial period,Indians: The “first Americans”,Indians,In ancient times ,the Bering Strait was tied together ,it was possible for the Indians to walk from Asia to Alaska about 12,000 years ago.,America Indian,The Discovery of the New World,Christopher Columbus reac
3、hed America in 1492.,The new continent,In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands. Columbus believed that he had reached India and called the native people Indians. Amerigo Vespucci discovered the continent of South America, the continent was named after him.,colonial period,In 1607 th
4、e English established their first colony in America, at Jamestown, Virginia. Virginia is named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Jamestown was named for the ruler, King James.,The Founding of the 13 Colonies,After the British founded the first colony in America in 1607 The Pilgrims ,in
5、1620, sailed on a ship called Mayflower and arrived at Plymouth Massachusetts. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.,Mayflower,The 13 colonies,Delaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚New Jersey 新泽西州Georgia 乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞 Marylan
6、d 马里兰,South Carolina 南卡罗来纳 New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳Rhode Island 罗德岛,The conflict between England and its colonies,The England Imposed new taxes to defray the cost of the Seven Years War. Expected Americans to lodge British soldiers in their homes . The colonis
7、ts Resented the taxes and resisted the quartering of soldiers.,colonists slogan,“No taxation without representation” PS：Colonists are resistant to pay taxes which become an important cause of independence war.,Points of American War of Independence,Shots in Lexington in 1775 the Second Continental C
8、ongress in 1775 George Washington Declaration of Independence A great victory at Saratoga in 1777 Yorktown campaign 1781 Treaty of Paris in 1783,American War of Independence,American War of Independence,Form a state （ 1776年7月4日）,The Declaration of Independence (July4,1776) Announcing the birth of th
9、e United States,Form a state （ 1776年7月4日）,The contents of the Declaration of Independence,Five chapters 1 Foreword 2 Preface 3 Accused King George III 4 Denounce British 5 Conclusion,The Declaration of Independence,We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they ar
10、e endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.,The Declaration of Independence,We hold these
11、truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。 That to secure these rights, Governments
12、are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. 为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。,The Declaration of Independence,and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselve
13、s by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for the
14、ir future security.,The Declaration of Independence,and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
15、 invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置
16、于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障,Whats the significance of The Declaration of Independence?,You can think it from the following aspects.,Philosophy influence,Practical influence,Historic influence,Treaty of Paris巴黎条约 （1783年）,The treaty was signed in Paris in 1783. British recognized Amer
17、ican independence. The peace treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom, and sovereignty(主权) of the 13 states.,The Civil War (18611865),Do you know the origin of American slavery system?,Discuss with your partner,South- slavery economy 1. American slavery existed after the first immigrants from E
18、urope founded their settlements. 2. In the South, the land was abundant and suitable for farming,and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves, who were regarded as the property of the planters. 3. They could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.,North- capita
19、list economy 1.There is a growing demand for labor to work in factories. 2.Northerners supported the abolition of slavery, because they wanted to get slaves from the South. 3.They asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.,South- Agricultural economy (plantations) 1.The abun
20、dant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves. 2.Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly. 3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.,The causes of
21、the Civil War 1) The different economic systems in the north and the south 2) The slavery problem in the south 3) The political conflicts between north and south The direct cause of the war Lincoln was elected as the president of America.,Abraham Lincoln 18091865,The process of the Civil War In 1861
22、, the Civil War was began. In 1863, Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation , which granted freedom to all slaves. In July 1863, the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg. In April 1865，the Civil War was ended .,The war resolved two fundamental issues. What are the two issues?,Gettysburg
23、Address,The war resolved two fundamental issues. 1) Slavery was abolished . 2) America became a single ,indivisible nation.,World War,World War,1. At the start of WW, the proclamation of neutrality; 2. The USA entered the war in 1917 for several reasons: (1). Germany injured American trade; (2). Ger
24、many promised the Mexicans to regain its lost territory; (3). a good chance for the USA to successful influence the result of the war 3.President Wilson: Four Points,After WW,1. the Great Depression 2. President Roosevelts “New Deal”,WW,1. In the early days of WW, the USA adopted a sit-on-the -fence
25、 policy. 2. the direct cause for Americas entrance into the war: the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor 3. D-Day: Normandy Landing in June 1944 4. Germany surrendered in May 1945 5. American airplanes dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6. Japan surrendered and WWended.,WW,WW the high-
26、ranking U.S. military officials,WW,WW,After WW ,1. a conference in1945; the United Nations was established; 2. The USA became the strongest power; 3. the Cold War in the early post-war period the “Truman Doctrine” 4. two Germanys 5. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 6. the Korean War 7. the Vie
27、tnam War,Presidents of the USA,1. Nixons achievements and the Watergate scandal (1). end the Vietnam War (2). two breakthroughs: reestablishing US relations with China; negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union,Presidents of the USA,2. Reagan: the advantages and di
28、sadvantages of the tight money policy; his achievements; (1). inflation under control (2). an increasing gap between rich and poor (3). social welfare curtailed (4). the longest recorded period of peacetime property without a recession or depression,the Presidents of the USA,2. Reagan:,the President
29、s of the USA,3. Bush Senior: the Kuwait War,the Presidents of the USA,4. Clinton: (1) . one of the youngest Presidents (2). the North American Free Trade Agreement (3). an affair with a young intern,the Presidents of the USA,5.Bush Junior: son of the former President Bush (1). On September 11, 2001,
30、 the United States suffered the most devastating foreign attack ever against its mainland. (2). Osama bin Laden and the al-Queda (3). the Talinban regime in October 2001 (4). an invasion of Iraq in March 2003 (5). On May 2, 2011, the American army killed Laden.,the Presidents of the USA,5.Bush Junio
31、r: son of the former President Bush (1).,exercises,.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). 1.American was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus. 2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Phiadelphia,and the Continenta
32、l Army and Navy was established under the command of Thomas Jerfferson. 3.The Amemrican Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also make American a single,indivisible nation.,4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War. 5.In1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took jo
33、int military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait. 6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on Septemble11,2001.,7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil”. 8.On March 20,2003,
34、American and United Nationstroops, supposed by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.,.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements. 1. The first successful English conoly in North America was founded atin. A.Jamestown,Louisiana B.Boston, Massachusetts C.Jamestown,
35、Virginia D.Plymouth,Gergia 2. The Seven YearsWar occurred between. A.the French and the American Indians B.the French and the Spanish C.the French and the British D. the British and the American Indians,3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of. A.the settlers of Virginia B.t
36、he people of Pennsylvania C.the colonists in New England D.the people of the 13 colonies 4. In May 1775, was held in Phiadelphia and began to assume the functions of a provisional government. A.the First Continental Congress B.the Second Continental Congress C.the Boston Tea Party D.the Congress of
37、Confederation,5. Abraham Lincoln issued the to grant freedom to all slaves. A.Declaration of Independence B.Constitution C.Emancipation Proclamation D.Bill of Rights 6. The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two World Wars. A.nuetrality B.full involvement C.partial involvement D
38、.appeasement,7. President introduced the New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression. A.Wilson B.Truman C.Roosevelt D.Kennedy 8. The Vietanam War was a long time suffering for Americans,and its continued throughout the terms of president. A.Johnson,Nixon and Ford B.Truman,Eisenhower a
39、nd Kennedy C.Kennedy,Johnson and Nixon D.Eisenhower,kennedy and Johnson,.Give brief answers to the following questions. 1.Why did American change its policy and enter World War ? 2.What were Nixons well known contributions during his presidency? 3.What were the measures of Reagans economic program?,.State your understanding of the following questions. 1.What was the course of the American Civil War? 2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War ?,Thank You !,英语国家概况,