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1、Guide to English-Speaking Guide to English-Speaking Guide to English-Speaking Guide to English-Speaking CountriesCountriesCountriesCountries英语国家概况英语国家概况Chapter 2 HistoryThe United Kingdom of Great The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritain and Northern Ireland英英语语国国家家概概况况 Foreig
2、n Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationITransition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain Since World war IIIVAdditional Inform
3、ationVCONTENT Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Founding of the NationI 1.2 Feudal Society 1.1 Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons Foreign Language Teaching and Research
4、 PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxonsv1.1.1 Prehistoric Period(history undocumented)9,000 years ago part of E-Continent3,000 BC Iberians (Stonehenge)Foreign Language Teaching and
5、Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v Stonehenge巨石阵巨石阵 It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire.People began building Stonehenge
6、about 5,000 years ago,dragging each stone into place.Stonehenge and its Statue 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vThe name of BritainBrit
7、onsvTribal societyvCeltic Language (Irish Gaelic盖尔语,Scottish Gaelic,Welsh)1.1.2 Celtic凯尔特凯尔特 Britain(8th5th Century BC)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries How many invasions?
8、vFirst invasionIn August 55 BC,Julius Caesar invaded Britain vSecondCaesars second raid in 54 BCvThird and finalIn 43 AD,Emperor Claudius,final and successful Roman invasion of BritainvLeftGermanic attack in Rome,forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain,and thus ending the Roman occupation of the i
9、sland.1.1.3 Roman Britain(43 AD5th Century)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vCapable administrators&good builders(towns and cities&roads)Building of London River Thames “L
10、ondon Bridge”Building of roadsRoman Christianity St.Augustine brings Christianity 基督教to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 1.1.3 Roman Britain(43 AD5th Century)Pope Gregory I Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide
11、 to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion(5th8th Century)vGermanic日耳曼人（或民族）的日耳曼人（或民族）的people(the Jutes朱特人 from Jutland,Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)vEnglish(language of the Angles)dominant language Foreign Language Teaching and Re
12、search PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Do you know how the names of the days in a week came into being?The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic（日耳曼人的）（日耳曼人的）religion to Britain.The names Tuesday,Wednesday,T
13、hursday and Friday respectively derive from their gods.Tiugod of war Wodenking of heaven Thorgod of storms Freyagoddess of peace Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.1.5 Dan
14、ish Invasion(8th Century1066)vthe Vikings 威金人威金人(from the Scandinavian countries:Norway,Denmark and Sweden)vAlfred the Great,king of Wessex A peace treaty:the eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the DanelawFrom 1016 to 1042,under the rule of Danish
15、kings.In 1042,the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons Alfred（阿尔弗雷德）（阿尔弗雷德）the Great,also known as“Father of the British Navy”.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries
16、Westminster Abbey,built in1052,by the penultimate King of England,the Edward the Confessor(1042-1066)1.1.5 Danish Invasion(8th Century1066)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries
17、 v在泰晤士河畔，在钟声回荡的国会大厦西南侧，耸立着英在泰晤士河畔，在钟声回荡的国会大厦西南侧，耸立着英国最古老的建筑物国最古老的建筑物威斯敏斯特教堂。这里长眠着从享威斯敏斯特教堂。这里长眠着从享利三世到乔治二世等利三世到乔治二世等20多位国王，憩息着牛顿、哈代、狄多位国王，憩息着牛顿、哈代、狄更斯、达尔文、吉卜林这些享誉世界的巨人，还有二战更斯、达尔文、吉卜林这些享誉世界的巨人，还有二战“不列颠之战不列颠之战”中牺牲的皇家空军将士。中牺牲的皇家空军将士。v威斯敏斯特教堂碑文威斯敏斯特教堂碑文(2009-03-03 19:18:45)标签：标签：杂谈杂谈 当我年轻的时候，我的想象漫无边际，我梦
18、想改变这当我年轻的时候，我的想象漫无边际，我梦想改变这个世界；当我成熟以后，我发现我不能改变这个世界，我个世界；当我成熟以后，我发现我不能改变这个世界，我将目缩短了一些，决定只改变我的国家；当我进入暮年以将目缩短了一些，决定只改变我的国家；当我进入暮年以后，我发现我不能够改变我的国家，我最后的愿望仅仅是后，我发现我不能够改变我的国家，我最后的愿望仅仅是改变我的家庭，然而，这似乎也不可能改变我的家庭，然而，这似乎也不可能 现在，我已经现在，我已经躺在床上，就在生命将要完结的时候，我突然意识到躺在床上，就在生命将要完结的时候，我突然意识到:如果如果一开始我就首先改变自己。然后，作为一个榜样，我可能
19、一开始我就首先改变自己。然后，作为一个榜样，我可能为国家做一些重要的事情就在我为国家服务的时候，我或为国家做一些重要的事情就在我为国家服务的时候，我或许能因为某些意想不到的行为，改变这个世界许能因为某些意想不到的行为，改变这个世界 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vIn 1066,Edward chose
20、Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.vDuke William,often referred to as William the Conquer,challenged Harolds succession,won the Battle of Hastings,and was crowned King.1.1.6 The Norman ConquestDuke WilliamNorman Cavalier Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and
21、 Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries In 1067,William started building the Tower of London,the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.1.1.6 The Norman Conquest Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign
22、 Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.2.1 Great Charter(Magna Carta)vIn 1154 Henry II ascended the thronevHenry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system(陪审团制度)institutionalized common lawHenry II Foreign
23、 Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.2.1 Great Charter(Magna Carta)vJohn ascended the throne in 1199.He demanded feudal taxes and army service.vHe was forced to sign the Magna Cart
24、a(大宪章大宪章).Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution todayJohn of England signs Magna Carta.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA
25、Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vProvisions of Oxfordlimiting the Kings power by calling regular m
26、eetings of the Great CouncilvOfficial formation of the two houses of parliament:House of Commons(上议院上议院)House of Lords（下议院（下议院)1.2.2 Birth of Parliament（议会）（议会）Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaki
27、ng CountriesCountries The English parliament in front of the King Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries va series of wars fought between England and France over trade,territory
28、,security and the throne The English were brilliantly successful till 1422.Encouraged by Joan of Arc,the national heroine,the French drove the English out of France.By 1453,Calais（加（加来来）was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.promoted the concept of English nationalism
29、.promoted the development of the textile industry(纺织业)raised the social position of the bourgeois class（资产阶级）.1.2.3 Hundred Years War(13371453)Saint Joan of Arc Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speak
30、ing CountriesCountries v百年战争百年战争(Hundred Years War)是指是指英国英国和和法国法国，以，以及后来加入的及后来加入的勃艮第勃艮第，于，于1337年年-1453年间的战争，年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续断断续续进行了长达进行了长达116年，百年战年，百年战争中，发展出不少新争中，发展出不少新战术战术和武器。和武器。12世世纪中，英国中，英国金雀金雀花王朝花王朝在法国占有广在法国占有广阔领地，地，1213世世纪，法国国王法国国王逐逐渐夺回部分被英王占回部分被英王占领的土地。的土地。14世世纪初，英国仍占据法初，英国仍占据法国南
31、部国南部阿基坦阿基坦地区，成地区，成为法国政治法国政治统一的最大障碍。双方一的最大障碍。双方还争争夺富庶的富庶的佛佛兰德德地区。佛地区。佛兰德毛德毛纺业主要依主要依赖英国的英国的原料，英国原料，英国则从羊毛从羊毛贸易中易中获取巨利。取巨利。1328年，法国占年，法国占领佛佛兰德，英王德，英王爱德德华三世三世（13271377在位）下令在位）下令禁止羊毛出口。佛禁止羊毛出口。佛兰德因失去原料来源，德因失去原料来源，转而支持英国的而支持英国的百年百年战争中争中战场上的法上的法军反法政策。反法政策。战争的争的导火火线主要是主要是王位王位继承承问题。1328年，年，查理四世理四世去世，法国去世，法国卡
32、佩王朝卡佩王朝绝嗣，支裔嗣，支裔瓦瓦卢瓦王朝瓦王朝的的腓力六世腓力六世继位，英王位，英王爱德德华三世三世以法王以法王查理四世外甥的理四世外甥的资格，与腓力六世争格，与腓力六世争夺王位，触王位，触发战争。争。Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v1337年年11月英王月英王爱爱德德华华三世率三世率军进军进攻法国，
33、攻法国，战战争开始。争开始。1340年，英法两国年，英法两国发发生海生海战战，法，法军战败军战败。英国控制了英国控制了英吉利海峡英吉利海峡。1346 年年8月，双方在月，双方在克雷西会克雷西会战战，英，英军军大捷，乘大捷，乘胜进胜进入入诺诺曼底。曼底。1347年攻占法国的年攻占法国的加来加来。1356年年9 月，月，普瓦提埃普瓦提埃之之战战，法，法军军大大败败，法王，法王约约翰二世翰二世（13501364在在位）及众臣被俘，英借此向法国索取巨位）及众臣被俘，英借此向法国索取巨额赎额赎金。金。1360年法国王子年法国王子查查理理被迫被迫签订签订屈辱的布勒塔尼屈辱的布勒塔尼和和约约，把加来及法国西
34、南部大片，把加来及法国西南部大片领领土割土割让给让给英英国。国。1364年，王子年，王子查查理理继继位，称位，称查查理五世理五世（1364 1380在位在位），），为为了了夺夺回失地，回失地，改改编军队编军队，整，整顿顿税制，税制，紧张备战紧张备战。1369年起年起连续发连续发动动攻攻势势，几乎收复全部失地，几乎收复全部失地，1396年双方年双方缔结缔结二二十年停十年停战协战协定。定。Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide
35、to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v1415年年8月，英王月，英王亨利五世亨利五世（14131422在位）趁在位）趁查理六世理六世（13801422在位）即位后法国在位）即位后法国统治治阶级发生生内内讧之机，之机，领兵兵进攻法国，攻法国，10月占月占领法国北部。法国北部。1420年，年，双方双方签订特特鲁瓦条瓦条约，条，条约规定定法国王太子法国王太子的王位的王位继承承权转归英王亨利五世。亨利五世与英王亨利五世。亨利五世与查理六世之女理六世之女结婚。婚。这项条条约实际上将法国分上将法国分为由亨利五世、勃艮第公爵和法由亨
36、利五世、勃艮第公爵和法国王太子国王太子查理分理分别统辖的三个部分。的三个部分。1422年法王年法王查理六理六世与英王亨利五世先后去世，英方宣布由未世与英王亨利五世先后去世，英方宣布由未满周周岁的的亨利亨利六世六世（14221461，14701471在位）在位）兼兼领法国法国国王。国王。1428年年10月，英月，英军围攻通往法国南方的要塞奥攻通往法国南方的要塞奥尔良城，形良城，形势危急。法国人民危急。法国人民组成抗英游成抗英游击队，袭击敌人。人。1429年，法国女民族英雄年，法国女民族英雄贞德德率率军击退英退英军，解，解奥奥尔良良城之城之围。此后，法国人民抗英运。此后，法国人民抗英运动继续高高涨
37、，英，英军节节败退。退。1429年年7月，王子月，王子查理在理在兰斯斯加冕，称加冕，称查理七世理七世。1435年年勃艮第勃艮第公爵臣服于法王。公爵臣服于法王。1453年年10月，月，驻波波尔多多英英军投降投降，除，除加来加来外，法国外，法国领土全部收复。至此，百年土全部收复。至此，百年战争以法国的争以法国的胜利而利而结束。束。Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Sp
38、eaking CountriesCountries Richard IIILancaster Rose York Rose Henry Tudor1.2.4 The War of the Roses(14551485)vA war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.It reduced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class.vThe House of La
39、ncaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor(1485-1603).Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v玫瑰战争（玫瑰战争（Wars of th
40、e Roses），或称蔷薇），或称蔷薇战争，通常指英国战争，通常指英国兰开斯特王朝兰开斯特王朝（House of Lancaster）和）和约克王朝约克王朝(House of York)的的支持者之间为了支持者之间为了英格兰英格兰王位的断续内战。两个家王位的断续内战。两个家族都是族都是金雀花王朝金雀花王朝(Plantagenet)皇族的分支，皇族的分支，是英王是英王爱德华三世爱德华三世的后裔。玫瑰战争不是当时所的后裔。玫瑰战争不是当时所用的名字，它来源于两个皇族所选的家徽，用的名字，它来源于两个皇族所选的家徽，兰开兰开斯特斯特的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰。的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰。Foreign La
41、nguage Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v蔷薇战争（又称玫瑰战争；蔷薇战争（又称玫瑰战争；英语英语：；：；1455年年1485年年）是）是兰开斯特家族兰开斯特家族和和约克家族约克家族的支持者为了的支持者为了英格兰英格兰王位而发生断续的王位而发生断续的内战内战。两大家族都是。两大家族都是金雀金雀花王朝花王朝王室的分支，为英王王室的分支，
42、为英王爱德华三世爱德华三世的后裔。的后裔。“玫瑰战争玫瑰战争”一名并未使用一名并未使用于当时，而是在于当时，而是在16世纪，世纪，莎士比亚莎士比亚在历史剧在历史剧亨利六世亨利六世中以两朵玫瑰被中以两朵玫瑰被拔标志战争的开始后才成为普遍用语。此名称源于两个家族所选的家徽，兰拔标志战争的开始后才成为普遍用语。此名称源于两个家族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红蔷薇和约克的白蔷薇。开斯特的红蔷薇和约克的白蔷薇。v该战争大部分由马上该战争大部分由马上骑士骑士和他们的和他们的封建封建随从组成的军队所进行。随从组成的军队所进行。兰开斯特家兰开斯特家族族的支持者主要在国家的北部和西部，而的支持者主要在国家的北部和西部
43、，而约克家族约克家族的支持者主要在南部和东的支持者主要在南部和东部。实际上，几乎没有贵族在战争期间被消灭。例如，在战争未爆发前部。实际上，几乎没有贵族在战争期间被消灭。例如，在战争未爆发前1425到到1449年间，有年间，有25个家族灭绝消失，在战争爆发的个家族灭绝消失，在战争爆发的1450 到到 1474年间，只有年间，只有24个家族灭绝消失。然而，雄心勃勃公然叫阵的贵族们个家族灭绝消失。然而，雄心勃勃公然叫阵的贵族们在战争初期都战死了，接近战争后期，越来越少的贵族准备以他们的生命和在战争初期都战死了，接近战争后期，越来越少的贵族准备以他们的生命和头衔，在不确定的战争中冒险，是贵族封建力量的
44、削弱的主要原因之一，导头衔，在不确定的战争中冒险，是贵族封建力量的削弱的主要原因之一，导致了致了都铎王朝都铎王朝统治下中央集权君主专制的发展。统治下中央集权君主专制的发展。最终以最终以亨利七世亨利七世与与约克的约克的伊丽莎白伊丽莎白联姻结束了战争，也结束了法国联姻结束了战争，也结束了法国金雀花王朝金雀花王朝在英格兰的统治，开启在英格兰的统治，开启了新的了新的威尔士人威尔士人都铎王朝都铎王朝的统治。的统治。也标记着在也标记着在英格兰中世纪时期英格兰中世纪时期的结束并的结束并走向新的走向新的文艺复兴时代文艺复兴时代。为了纪念为了纪念英格兰英格兰以玫瑰为国花，并把皇室徽章改以玫瑰为国花，并把皇室徽章
45、改为红白玫瑰。为红白玫瑰。Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Transition to the Modern AgeII 2.1 Religious Reformation 2.2 The Civil War 2.4 The Industrial Revolution 2.3 Restoration and
46、the Glorious Revolution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.1 Religious ReformationvReasons2 religious camps:Catholic and Protestant CatholicvImmediate cause:Henry VIIIs di
47、vorcevAct of Supremacy（最高权力条例）（最高权力条例）Henry VIII“only supreme head of the church of England”vIn essence,the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guiseHenry VIII Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speakin
48、g English-Speaking CountriesCountries vQueen Elizabeth I(1558-1603)Consolidated（统一）the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essencevGolden Age（黄金时代）（黄金时代）of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade,exploration,literature,and the arts.The age of exploration
49、began:claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.The American State,Virginia,is named after Queen Elizabeth.Elizabeth2.1 Religious Reformation Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking Eng
50、lish-Speaking CountriesCountries vparliamentary clashes over monopolies（垄断）（垄断）the monarchy（郡主）attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court vKing Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629,and ruled the country without it for eleven years.vThe various classes in England soon