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1、Union Flag or Union JackChapter OneGeography,PeopleGeography,PeopleandLanguageandLanguage ContentsGeographyIPeopleIIThe English LanguageIIIIGeographyv1.GeographicalFeaturev2.Climatev3.MajorCities15324EnglandWalesTheRepublicofIrelandScotlandNorthernIrelandEdinburghCardiffLondonBelfastDublinComponents
2、ComponentsuEnglanduScotlanduWalesuNorthern IrelandEngland:itconsistsoflowlandterrain（低地地形）（低地地形）,withsomemountainousterrain(山区地形山区地形)inthenorth-west,northandsouth-west.EnglandEnglandoccupiesthelargest.Ithasanareaof130,281squarekilometreswhichtakesupnearly60%ofthewholeisland.Englandisinthesouthernpar
3、tofGreatBritain.Itisthemostpopulousandwealthiestpartofthecountry.Capital:LondonEnglandHighlyurbanized-80%ofpopulationlivingincities-only2%workinginagricultureDominancein:size/culture/economy-takeEnglandforUKthe Thames Riverthe Thames River泰晤士河 Thesecondlongestriver:Thames(346squarekilometers)LakeDis
4、trict ascenicspotascenicspotinNorthWestEnglandApopularholidaydestinationbeingfamousforitslakesanditsmountainsitsassociationswiththeearly19thcenturypoetryandwritingsofWilliamWordsworthandotherpoets.LakeDistrict Scotland:Itsgeographyisvaried,withlowlandsinthesouthandeastandhighlandsinthenorthandwest.S
5、cotlandScotland,withanareaof78,772squrekilometers,occupiesthenorthernpartofBritain.Tourismisoneofthemostimportantindustries.TouristsfromallovertheworldcometoenjoythebeautyofScottishscenery,todrinkScotchwhiskyandtoseeScotsmenwearingkiltsandplayingbagpipes.vBenNevis(本尼维斯山):thehighestmountaininBritain(
6、1343m)islocatedherevTheClydeRiver(克莱德河)isthemostimportantriverinScotlandvEdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.ThehighlandsinScotland：sparselypopulated,withmanymountainrangesdominatingtheregion,andincludingthehighestmountainintheBritishIsles,BenNevisBenNevis(1343metershigh)Wales:Itsmostlymountainous,takei
7、nguplessthan9%ofthewholeisland.SouthWalesislessmountainousthanNorthandMidWales.WalesvIthasanareaof20,780squarekilometreswhichtakesuplessthan9%ofthewholeisland.Thelongestriver:SevernRiver塞文河(354squarekilometers)Snowdonia(1,085m)inthenorthwestisthehighestmountaininWales.vThecapitalofWalesisCardiff.Nor
8、thern IrelandvNorthernIrelandisafourthregionoftheUnitedKingdom.Ittakesupthenorthernone-sixthoftheislandofIrelandandhasanareaof14,135squarekilometresvLoughNeaghisthelargestlakeintheBritishIsles(396squarekilometers)vBelfastisthecapitalofNorthernIreland.NorthernIrelandvSmallestamongthefournationsinBrit
9、ainvMostlyrural,lowhills,beautifullakeinthesouth-west,ruggedcoastline(多岩石的海岸线)Giantscauseway(巨人之路)(1)The8thNaturalWonderoftheWorld(suburbofBelfast)，SixtymillionyearsagoGiantscauseway（2）Prodigiousskills(鬼斧神工鬼斧神工)ofNature:2.ClimateMaincharacteristics:Temperate,withwarmsummers,coldwintersandplentyrainf
10、allThreemajorfeatures:vWinterfogvRainydaysvInstability/changeability3.MajorCitiesLondonThe River ThamesvthecapitalofEnglandandofGreatBritainvthepoliticalcenteroftheCommonwealth(英联邦英联邦)vamajorportvoneoftheworldsleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.Londonv-seatofgovernment-centerofculture-businesscenter-
11、industrialcenter-largestpopulation-hometoallmedia-galleries,theatres,museums-combiningfunctionsofNewYork,Washington&LosAngeles-Oneofthefourleadingcitiesintheworld:NewYork,Paris,TokyoLondonvThecapital,thelargestportandthelargestcityinBritainvTheCityofLondon+InnerLondon+OuterLondon=GreaterLondon（大伦敦）v
12、Thecommercialcenter:theWestEnd（伦敦西区）vThepoliticalcenter:theCityofWestminster(Downingstreet唐宁街,BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫)vTheculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)vThecenterofLaborMovement(Chartism)宪章运动vTheOlympicsgamestobeheldherein2012Landmarks&SymbolsofLondonBuckingham PalaceBuckingham Palace Buck
13、ingham Palace STPaulsCathedrallanAnglicancathedralltheseatoftheBishopofLondonloneofLondonsmostfamousandmostrecognisablesightsBigBenlthelargestfour-facedchimingclock,lthethird-tallestfree-standingclocktowerintheworld,lItscelebrationofits150thanniversaryinMay2009alarge,mainlyGothicchurch,inWestminster
14、,LondonthetraditionalplaceofcoronationandburialsiteformonarchsofCommonwealthRealmsLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonThe palace of WestminsterTheLondonEyeaheightof135metres(443ft),thelargestFerriswheelinEuropethemostpopularpaidtouristattractionintheUnitedKingdom,Landmarks&SymbolsofLondonLondon EyeTowerBridgea
15、niconicsymbolofLondonCarriesmotorvehicles,cyclists,pedestriansCrossesThamesTotallength244metres(801ft)Opened30June1894British Museum British Museum 大英博物馆MajorCitiesEdinburghvCapitalofScotlandvadministrative,financial,legal,medicalandinsurancecenterofScotlandvbeautifulsceneryvrenownedarchitectureEdib
16、urghcastlevThesymbolofEdiburghvsituatedonamoundofvolcanicrockvoneofScotlandsoldestcastles,unequalledinthewholeoftheBritishIslesvaremarkablefortress（堡垒）,thehistoricalinterestofandformerroyalresidence,vvisitedannuallybyapproximatelyonemillionpeoplevNo visit to Edinburgh is complete without a visit to
17、Edinburgh CastleThenewcityofEdinburghCastlesinEdiburghAirthcastleA14thcenturycastle,aspaandaScottishcastleaccommodation,oneofthemostpopularplacesforScottishcastleweddings.Stirlingcastleabout30milesfromGlasgowand40milesfromEdinburghAlonghistory,animportantfortificationandthesiteofmanysiegesandbattles
18、,standingoutforitsimposinglocationandstoriedhistoryLandmarks&SymbolsofEdinburghEdinburgh CastlePalace of HolyroodMajorCitiesCardiffvEuropesyoungestcapitalcityvhasbeenthecapitalcityofWalesforaround50yearsvhometoanenormousamountofurbanregenerationandrestorationvhasrecentlybecomeoneofthemostfashionable
19、citiesintheUnitedKingdom.Landmarks&SymbolsofCardiffCardiff City HallLandmarks&SymbolsofCardiffMillennium StadiumCardiff Castle CardiffCardiffalbert clockalbert clock MajorCitiesBelfastCity Hallv the second largest city v capital of Northern Irelandv an important historic cityLandmarks&SymbolsofBelfa
20、stBelfast CastlethewheelofBelfastBelfastcityhallIIPeopleOverallpopulation:over63millionsDistribution:vEngland:about53millionvScotland:around5.2millionvWales:around3.1millionvNorthernIreland:around1.8millionEthnicityvThemajorityofthispopulationaredescendentsoftheAnglo-SaxonsvMostpeopleinWalesandScotl
21、andaredescendentsoftheCelticpeoplevTheIrishpeoplewerealsoCelticinoriginvimmigrants(Italians,Greek,Australians,NewZealanders,Africa,Asia)EthnicEthnicCompositionCompositionvtheEnglish英格兰人vtheScottish苏格兰人vtheWelsh威尔士人vtheIrish爱尔兰人TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons.PercentageoftotalUKPopulation Eth
22、inc Groups of totalvWhite British 85.7%vWhite Irish 1.2%vWhite(other)5.3%vMixed race 1.2%vIndian 1.8%vPakistani 1.3%vBengali 0.5%vOther Asian(non-Chinese)0.4%vBlack Caribbean 1.0%vBlack African 0.8%v Black(others)0.2%vChinese 0.4%vOther 0.4%The differenceThe differenceinincharactercharacterTheWelsha
23、reemotionalandcheerfulpeople.Theyaremusicloversandareproudoftheirpast.威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。TheScotsaresaidtobeaserious,cautiousandthriftypeople,andtheyarealsohospitable,generousandfriendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。TheIrisharefullofcharmandvivacity.爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。IIITheEnglishLanguagev
24、1.OldEnglishv2.MiddleEnglishv3.ModernEnglishv4.StandardEnglish1.OldEnglish(5th11th)LanguageofAngle-SaxonsInfluencedbynOldNorsenLatinandGreekwordsnDanishwordsBeowulfThemostfamousworkfromtheOldEnglishperiodistheepicpoem”Beowulf”(approximatelyAD900)Hwt!WeGar-Denaingeardagum,eodcyninga,rymgefrunon,huael
25、ingasellenfremedon.OftScyldScefing sceaenareatum2.MiddleEnglish(11th15th)StatusFrenchreplacedEnglishastheofficiallanguage,andEnglishbecametheLanguageoflowerclassnbigporknsheepmuttonncattlebeefDevelopmentEnglishincreasedinimportanceaftertheBlackDeathThe Canterbury TaleswrittenbyGeoferyChaucer,14thece
26、nturyWhanthatAprill,withhisshouressooteThedroghteofMarchhathpercedtotherooteAndbathedeveryveyneinswichlicour,Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;Geoffrey Chaucer3.ModernEnglish(15th)vTheprintingpressbroughtstandardizationofEnglishvSamuelJohnsonsdictionaryestablishedastandardformofspellingvRenaissanceass
27、imilatedforeignwordsthroughouttheRenaissancevTheIndustrialRevolutionnecessitatedtheintroductionofnewwordsfornewthingsandideasvTheriseoftheBritishEmpireortheCommonwealthofNationsledtotheassimilationofwordsfrommanyotherlanguagesOthellobyWilliamShakespeare1603La:Thointhetradeofwarre,Ihaueflainemen,Yetd
28、oeIholditveryftuftofConfcience.Todoenocontriudmurrher;IlackeiniquitySometimestodoeferuice:nineortentimes,Ihadthoughttohaueierkdhimhere,Vndertheribbes.Oth.:Tisbetterasitis.Whichcanbetranslatedas:La:ThoughinthetradeofwarIhaveslainman,YetdoIholditverystuffotheconscience.Todonocontrivedmurder:Ilackiniqu
29、itySometimestodomeservice:nineortemtimesIhadthoughttohaveyerkdhimhereundertheribs.Othello:Tisbetterasitis.Shakespeare4.StandardEnglishvbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEnglandvadoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmediavalsocalledasQueensEnglishorBBCEnglishvbasedontheLondondialectvbecomingauniversalLinguaFrancatheworldlanguage