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1、-2013年12月大学英语真题（一）In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instanc
2、e, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role i
3、n appetite. Several hours after a meal, peoples hunger levels were predicted not by how much theyd eaten but rather by how much food theyd seen in front of themin other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (盖弃）suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on o
4、ur appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.Hunger isnt controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal， Brunstrom says
5、. This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our bodys response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3S0-calorie
6、(卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shakes label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought theyd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does thi
7、s mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control ou
8、r appetite, Brunstrom says.56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake? A) How we perceive the food we eat. C) When we eat our meals. B) What ingredients the food contains. D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in th
9、e previous meal? A) You would probably be more picky about food. B) You would not feel like eating the same food. C) You would have a good appetite. D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn from the 2011 study? A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases. B) Food labels may i
10、nfluence our bodys response to food. C) Hunger levels depend on ones consumption of calories. D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite? A) Trick ourselves into eating less. C) Concentrate on food while eating. B) Choos
11、e food with fewer calories. D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea of the passage? A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion. B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels. C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs. D) Good eating habits will co
12、ntribute to our health.56. A 57.D 58. B 59.C 60. BAs a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that
13、are likely to be expected of them.High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a cle
14、ar sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德）and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and dev
15、elopment. I recommend Harvards 2011 Pathways to Prosperity report for more attention to the forgotten half (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles c
16、hange rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research
17、 are all-solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills ihat will serve for a lifetime.Students also need to learn to work independently an
18、d to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (惡化）by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干预）will help students take more own
19、ership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal? A) It benefits the great majority of the general population. B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society. C) It encourages students to learn throughout their live
20、s. D) It ensures that students expectations are successfully fulfilled.62. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education? A) Ignoring the needs of those who dont go to college. B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only. C) Giving little attention to those
21、 having difficulty learning. D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.63. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage? A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position. B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficult
22、y securing a job. C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning. D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on? A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.
23、 B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society. C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning. D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.65. What suggestion docs the author offer to parents? A) Rethinking the value of higher education. B) Investing wisely in their c
24、hildrens education. C) Helping their children lo bring their talent into full play. D) Avoiding too much intervention in their childrens education.答案详解61. B 62. D 63. C 64. C 65 D2013年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题 According to a report, around 30,000 pupils started secondary school last year with the math skills o
25、f a seven-year-old. MPs (国会议员) warned that many young people would need “expensive” remedial lessons in later life to get a job posing major problems for the economy. The findings came just months after Ofsted(教育标准办公室)claimed almost half of math lessons in English schools were not good enough. It sa
26、id many teachers relied on textbooks and mundane exercises to make sure pupils passed exams at the expense of a proper understanding of the subject. MPs backed the conclusions, saying too many pupils found lessons “boring”. They insisted improvements had been made under Labor but achievement had “le
27、veled off” in recent years.In 2008, 79 percent of pupils met the Governments expected standard at the end of primary school, well short of the 85 percent target set for 2006. Around five percent moved to secondary school with the math skills of a seven- year-old, said the committee. In 2006, 2.3 bil
28、lion was spent teaching the subject. It equates to around a quarter of the 10 billion total budget for primary teaching and support staff.The report said the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) needed to “radically rethink its strategy for improving pupil attainment; otherwise we se
29、riously doubt that the department will meet its 2011 target”. The target demands that 84.5 percent of pupils will make the necessary progress between 7 and 11.Last year, the DCSF published a major review of math education in England to boost standards. It called for a math specialist in every primar
30、y school within 10 years and more emphasis on mathematical “play” in nursery schools. Mr. Leigh said, “The departments 10-year program to train 13,000 specialist math teachers will not benefit some primary schools for another decade. Thats far too long; the department needs to look for ways to accel
31、erate the program.” Sarah McCarthy Fry, the Schools Minister, said, “We have already accepted the main recommendation from a recent independent review of primary math that every school should have a specialist math teacher and have pledged 24 million over the next three years for a training program
32、for teachers.”Nick Gibb, the Tory shadow schools secretary, said, “The Government is not getting value for the money they have piled into education and the country is falling behind in international league tables as a result. The Government has failed to replace methods of teaching which have failed
33、 with tried and tested methods used in countries that have much higher levels of math achievement.”57. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) 30,000 pupils started secondary school with poor math skills.B) MPs insist more improvements should be made under Labor.C) Young people need medical les
34、sons to get a job.D) Half of English schools were not good enough.58. According to the passage, what happened in 2006?A) 21% of pupils didnt meet the Governments expected standard.B) The target set for 2006 was 87 percent.C) 2.3 billion was spent on math teaching.D) The total budget for primary teac
35、hing and support staff was 5 billion in 2006.59. What will people probably do to improve math education in England?A) Spend money on training specialist math teachers.B) Hire a math specialist for every primary school.C) Allow pupils to have more mathematical “play”.D) Spend more time on math educat
36、ion.60. What do Nick Gibbs words mean?A) The British government should put more money into math education.B) Britain is falling behind in the international knowledge competition.C) The British government should learn from other countries failures.D) The British government should change their teachin
37、g methods every few years.61. Whats the passage mainly talking about?A) There arent enough math teachers in British primary schools.B) The British government didnt spend enough money on math education.C) British pupils are not good at math.D) Math lessons in British primary schools need to be improv
38、ed. Conservationists call them hot spots habitats that cover just 1.4 percent of the earths land surface but are so rich in biological diversity that preserving them could keep an astonishing number of plant and animal species off the endangered list.Since 1988, when Dr. Norman Myers and his colleag
39、ues began describing these hot spots in a series of scientific papers and arguing for their protection, they have become a focus of worldwide conservation efforts. Private organizations and government agencies, including the World Bank, have made preserving 25 such ecological arks a top priority for
40、 financing and protective legislation. But a growing chorus of scientists is warning that directing conservation funds to hot spots may be a recipe for major losses in the future. Of species that live on land, nearly half of all plants and more than a third of all animals are found only in the hot s
41、pots. But they do not include many rare species and major animal groups that live in less biologically rich regions (“cold spots”). And the hot-spot concept does not factor in the importance of some ecosystems to human beings, the scientists argue.This debate has been simmering quietly among biologi
42、sts for years; however, it is coming to a boil now with the publication of an article in the current issue of American Scientist arguing that “calls to direct conservation funding to the worlds biodiversity hot spots may be bad investment advice.” “The hot-spot concept has grown so popular in recent
43、 years within the larger conservation community that it now risks eclipsing all other approaches,” write the authors of the paper. “The officers and directors of all too many foundations, non-governmental organizations and international agencies have been seduced by the simplicity of the hot spot id
44、ea,” they go on. “We worry that the initially appealing idea of getting the most species per unit area is, in fact, a thoroughly misleading strategy.”But hot spots have their ardent defenders, notably Dr. Norman Myers and Dr. Russell Mittermeier. Dr. Myers says hot spots have been successful at attr
45、acting attention and financing for conservation in tropical countries. “And that has been good,” he said. “No one is suggesting that one invest solely in hot spots, but if you want to avoid extinctions, you have to invest in them.”62. The best title for this passage would be _.A) A Debate on Preserv
46、ing Hot Spots B) An Introduction to Hot SpotsC) Hot Spots vs. Cold Spots D) How to Finance Hot Spots63. Hot spots occupy a small percentage of the earths land surface with _.A) a third of all plants B) many major animal groups living in cold spots C) rich biological diversity D) many rare species li
47、ving in cold spots64. Critics of hot spots hold the opinion that _.A) hot spots are always as important as cold spotsB) it is unwise to invest largely in hot spotsC) governments should choose the best time to invest in hot spotsD) the hot-spot approach is a misleading strategy from the very beginnin
48、g65. According to Dr. Norman Myers, _.A) protecting and investing in hot spots can save species from extinctionB) conservation efforts should not center on hot spotsC) governments should invest most in cold spotsD) the hot-spot approach now is not as good as it was in the past66. What is the writers attitude towards the hot-spot a