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1、6. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting. a case of 在本句中的意思是“一个例子，”相当于“an example of ” 如：1） This is a case of students cheating on exams. （这就是学生作弊的一个例子。）2） It is a typical case of misunderstanding.（这就是误会的典解例子。）在第九单元中我们已经学过case这个词，请留意驾驭及case 有关的几个短语：
2、in any case （无论如何，总之）in case （假设；以免）in the case of （就来说，至于）in this case （既然是这样）through在句中的意思是“由于，因为”， 相当于because.1） The mistakes were made through carelessness.（这些错误是由于马虎大意造成的。）2） Many people are hard of hearing through old age.（很多人因年老而听觉不灵。）7. But even when the danger is widely publicized， the fina
3、ncial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.publicize是个动词，意思是“宣扬”，在第十七单元中我们已学过这个词，ize是一个动词后缀，通常用在形容词的后面构成动词。financial rewards 意思是“赏金”。reward 在本句中作名词，有时也可作动词用，如：1） He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.（他给拾得他的宠物狗的人答谢1000元
4、。）2） His efforts were rewarded by success.（他的努力获得了胜利。）choose后面接不定式，表示“选定，情愿”，如：1）He chose to stay there for another week. （他决意在那儿再住一周。）2）I chose to say nothing about it.（我决意对那件事闭口不谈。）在名词threat后面用介词to，表示“对的威逼”。如：The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.（把植被砍伐殆尽对野生动物将是极大的威逼。）
5、8. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.out of 在本句中以及前一个几句子中的意思是“出于”，如：1）He was silent out of embarrassment.（他由于窘迫而缄默。）2）She opened the mail out of curiosity. （她出于新奇翻开了邮件。）句子中前一个动词不定式to reduce number在句子中作定语，修饰名词wish.如：1） They failed in their
6、 attempt to land on the island.（他们在岛上登陆的企图失败了。）2） I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.（我对自己完成这项任务的实力没有信念。）句子中的第二个动词不定式to help the species to survive做目的状语，相当于so as to或in order to help the species。如：1）He worked harder （so as） to catch up with the others.（他更努力地学习以赶上别人。）2）To achieve th
7、e aim， we must learn from others. （为了实现这个目的，我们必需向别人学习。）9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose， and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“据说”。如：He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.（据说他继承了一大笔钱。）for this purpose 意思是“为这个目的”。
8、如：1）They decided to have a talk for military purpose. （为了军事目的，他们确定进展一次会谈。）2）For this purpose， I gave him all the necessary materials. （为了这个目的，我把所需的材料都给了他。）请留意驾驭及 purpose有关的一些短语：on purpose （为了；有意地）to the purpose （中肯的；适宜的）10. There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return the
9、m one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists， and that hunters dont kill them again！本句中的第一个that引导的是一个同位语从句，对名词chance做进一步说明。Provided在句中做介词用，相当于if.如：1）I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. （假设你说实话，我会给你钱。）2）He will come to the party provided he has time.（假设有时间他会来参
10、与聚会。）在词汇局部我们提到过，口语中常用providing替代provided.11.But the parks are large， the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.本句中，形容词few和great的前面省去了be 动词（few 前省去了are ，great 前省去了is），作者是要告知读者，公园太大，管理人太少，猎人们的决心太过坚决，因此野生动物的爱护问题仍旧难得解决。12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people we
11、re killed.arm在本句中用作动词，意思是“武装，装备”，be armed with意思是“以装备起来的”。1）They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.（他们坚信自己会赢，因为他们有现代化的武器装备。）2）Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.（具备了秘书的技能，她会很简单地找到一份工作。）13. and tourism can add to the income of countries.add to的意思是“增加
12、”，如：1）The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.（新建的广场增加了这座城市的美观。）2）Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.（有你的陪伴，我们这次访问更加开心了。）3）I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. （盼望我的到来不能增加你们的困难。）本课主要词组1. keep pace with2. compete with3. because of4. at such a rate5. at sur
13、prising speed6. a case of7. choose to8. lead to9. such as10.out of existence11. out of fear12. be claimed to13. for this purpose14. be concerned about15. under threat of16. be armed with17. add to18. look after19. in a different formText B The Killer Smogs短语表达1. be filled withHer eyes were filled wi
14、th tears when she told us the story.The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.2. wash awayThe rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.3. be caused byLung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.The accid
15、ent was caused by the drivers carelessness.4. be known forHe is known for his wide scope of knowledge.Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.5. combine withIt is necessary to combine theory with practice.See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.6. prevent fromBad weather pre
16、vented them from going camping.The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.7. pile upPile up the books on the table， please.Dont wait until problems pile up.8. due toThe train was late due to heavy fog.Our achievements are due to their help.9. add toHis explanation added to her annoyan
17、ce.More happiness will be added to peoples life if you are generous enough to give praise.6. In addition to breaking the law themselves， people tolerate various levels of crime. in addition to意思是“除之外（还）”， to是介词，在其后要用名词或动名词。1）In addition to bread， I bought you some milk. （除了面包，我还给你买了些牛奶。）2）In additio
18、n to holding a full-time job， he tutored some primary school children.（除了一份全日制的工作，他还辅导几个小学的孩子。）tolerate是个及物动词，意思是put up with （忍受、宽恕）；accept （允许）1）They tolerate the existence of opinions contrary to their own. （他们允许相反观点的存在。）2）I cannot imagine how he tolerated the isolation. （我不能想象他是如何忍受这份孤独的。）7. We b
19、ecome used to seeing blood on the news on television. Become是一个连系动词，used to及连系动词或be动词连用，意思是“习惯”，used to单独用时，意思是“过去，曾经”。1） He is getting used to living in the south. （他正在习惯南方的生活。）2） I have become used to getting up early in the morning. （我已习惯早起。）1） He used to work for the government. （他曾为政府做事。）2） The
20、y used to live in the same city. （他们曾在同一座城市生活过。）请留意be used to中的to是个介词，后面要用名词或动名词，used to中的to是个不定式符号，后面用动词原形。8. When it comes to respecting the rights of a mass of anonymous individuals， we might not be so responsible.When it comes to相当于so far asis concerned意思是“就而言”，“说到时”。To是个介词，后面用名词或动名词。1） He is no
21、t good at math， but when it comes to English， he is the best. （他的数学不好，要说到英语他是最好的。）2）When it comes to giving due respect to the old people， she feels a bit uneasy.（说到给老人应有的敬重，她有些不自由。）请留意mass及mess的区分。Mass的意思是“团，块；群；大量”；mess的意思是“混乱；一团糟”。1） The floating masses office would prove to be a threat to the sh
22、ips. （大块大块的浮冰对船只将是个威逼。）2） They have collected a great mass of data. （他们已搜集了大量资料。）3） The room is a mess. （这房间又脏又乱。）4） They made a mess of the job. （他们把事情搞得一团糟。）9. While most people would not steal a wallet containing $50， they may not mind cheating on taxes， because cheating on taxes does not hurt an
23、y one person.本句中的while意思是although（虽然，尽管），如：1） While he is respected， he is not well-liked. （尽管他受人敬重，但并不被人喜爱。）2） While I admit his good points， I can see his shortcomings. （尽管我成认他的优点我还是看到他的缺点的。）在动词mind的后面要用动名词、名词短语或从句：1） Mind the wet paint！ （留神，油漆未干。）2） Mind your own business！ （别管闲事！）3） Would you min
24、d my smoking？ （我抽烟你介意吗？）4） I dont mind tell him all I know. （我不介意把我所知道的都告知他。）5） Mind that you dont forget the meeting. （留意别忘了开会。）10. Perhaps this is why someone who robs a few dollars by force from a corner store will often end up with a longer jail term than a fraud artist who swindles thousands of
25、 dollarsby force意思是“凭借暴力，强迫地”，如：1） Several youngsters robbed the bank by force. （几个年轻人以暴力抢劫银行。）2） The boy was robbed of his money by force. （那个男孩的钱被强抢了。）end up的意思是“完毕，告终”，如：1） You will end up in prison if you go on stealing. （假设你接着偷下去，你最终会进监狱的。）2） Wasteful people usually end up in debt. （挥霍奢侈者最终往往负债
26、。）3）We ended up taking a taxi there. （我们最终乘出租车去了那儿。）4）The party ended up with a chorus. （晚会最终以合唱完毕。）5）If we go on in this way， we shall end up with millions and millions of unemployed.（假设我们接着这样下去，结果会有数百万人失业。）term在本句中的意思是“期限”，如：serve ones term of service （服规定年限的兵役）get a term of ten years in prison （被
27、判十年徒刑）during ones term of office （任职期间）11. The police would never be able to keep an eye on everyone， and people would still find ways to bend new laws.keep an eye on意思是“照看；亲密留意”，如：1） Can you keep an eye on the baby while I go shopping？ （我去购物时你能帮我照看一下孩子吗？）2） Parents wont be able to keep an eye on th
28、e children all the time. （父母不行能时时留意孩子们。）bend在本句中的意思是“随意歪曲，篡改”，如：1） They tried in vain to bend the rules of the game. （他们篡改竞赛规则的企图没有胜利。）2） He took advantage of his power to bend the law to suit his own purposes.（他利用权利篡改法律以合适自己的目的。）本课主要词组1. think of 2. be aware3. go through 4. in case5. divide into6.
29、in the same way7. range from 8. in addition to9. be tolerant of 10. become used to11. care about12. prevent from13. when it comes to14. by force15. end up16. keep an eye onText B Marriage in iran and America：a study in contrasts短语表达I. Phrases and expressions1pare withCompared with the products of th
30、eir factory， ours are superior in quality.Compared with many other women in her days， she was really lucky.2. for the purpose ofHe cheated on the exam for the purpose of getting a high score.He told a lie for the purpose of avoiding a possible punishment.3. a number ofA number of local residents hav
31、e moved to a new residential area.A number of miners who had been trapped were saved.4. be willing toHe was willing to lend us a helping hand when we were in need.The man was not willing to admit that he was wrong.5. be married toShe was married to a handsome young man from Germany.The girl stood up
32、 and said she was willing to be married to the poor artist.6. be involved inNo one wanted to be involved in this matter.Mr. Li didnt expect that his son could be involved in this robbery.7. respond toHow did the audience respond to your speech？He responded to his wifes complaints by turning a deaf e
33、ar to her.8. be allowed toHe is allowed to read in prison.The boy is not allowed to play video games.Text A the language of uncertainty 本课主要单词1. dominate v. rule， control （统治，支配，限制）domination n. 统治、支配、限制1）He felt ill at ease living in a white-dominated society. （他觉得生活在一个白人统治的社会里很不自由。）2）His opinion d
34、ominated the other members of the committee.（他的看法对委员会的其他成员起了确定性影响。）3）This issue dominated the discussion. （这个议题在探讨中占了首要地位。）4）Agriculture has lost its dominance in many countries. （农业在很多国家已失去了优势。）5）The domination of Europe over the rest of the world has long since declined.（欧洲对世界其他地区的支配作用早已衰弱。）2. jud
35、gment n. 判决；看法；推断judge v. 审讯；推断；认为n. 法官；裁判员1） He hoped the judgment would be in his favor. （他盼望判决对他有利。）2） He sometimes couldnt live with himself if he made a mistake in judgment.（假设推断失误，他有时不能容忍自己。）3） In my judgment， we should do it right now. （依我看，我们应当立刻做这件事。）4） He was brought to the judge， accused
36、of stealing. （他被指控行窃而带到法官面前受审。）5） Mr. Li is going to be a judge of a beauty contest. （李先生将做选美竞赛的评判员。）6） The young man was judged innocent. （那个年轻人被判无罪。）7） We cannot judge whether it is right or wrong. （我们不能推断这是对还是错。）8） I judge she knew what she was doing. （依我看，她当时知道她在干什么。）3. editorial n. 社论 adj. 编辑的e
37、ditor n. 编辑edit v. 编辑；校订；修改1） This issue carries a weighty editorial on education. （这期登了一篇有关教化的很有重量的社论。）2） The editorial policies havent changed a bit over the years. （这些年来编辑方针没有丝毫变更。）3） He was made assistant editor on the paper. （他被任为那报纸的助理编辑。）4） The chief editor was on a business trip. （主编出差了。）5）
38、Scholars often edit Shakespeares plays. （学者们常校订莎士比亚的剧本。）6） He is carefully editing his speed. （他正在细致修改自己的讲稿。）4. wage n. 工资，酬劳v. 进展，开展wage（s）通常指付给从事体力劳动或技术工作的人们的酬劳，也可以指按星期付给从事该类工作的人们的工资。1） They stopped working to press for better wages and working conditions.（他们停顿工作，要求更高的酬劳和更好的工作条件。）2） His wages are
39、200 dollars a week. （他的工资是200美元一周。）3） They waged a campaign against cheating on exams. （他们开展了反对考试作弊的运动。）4） Germany waged a war against Poland. （德国对波兰开战。）5. probability n. 可能性；概率probable adj. 可能的在前一单元中，我们学习了副词probably，同时也讲了名词probability和形容词probable的用法。再请看几个例句：1） The probability of an earthquake distu
40、rbed everybody. （地震的可能使每一个人担忧。）2） In all probability， they could perform many different musical instruments.（他们很可能会演奏很多种不同的乐器。）3） Every event has a particular probability of occurring. （每个事务都有其特定的发生率。）4） This is the most probable interpretation of the situation. （这是对形势的最可能的说明。）5） Xiao Wang is the pr
41、obable winner. （小王是颇有盼望得胜的人。）6） It is probable that he forgot. （他或许是遗忘了。）6. verbal adj. 言辞的；口头的；动词的1） This job calls for excellent verbal talent. （这份工作须要极好的口才。）2） The difference is merely verbal. （差异仅仅在于措辞。）3） “en” and “-ize” are common verbal endings. （“en” 和 “-ize”是常见的动词词尾。）verbal instructions （文字
42、说明）a verbal protest （口头抗议）a verbal agreement （口头协议）7. imprecision n. 不准确，不正确 imprecise adj. 不准确的；不正确的im-是一个前缀，通常加在以 “m”、 “p”、或 “b”为首的形容词、副词和名词前，构成反义词。如：immature （不成熟的），immodest （不虚心的），immoral （不道德的）；impossible （不行能的）， impolite （不礼貌的），impatience （不耐性）；imbalance （不平衡）等等。-ion是一个名词后缀，我们已经屡次遇到过，如protecti
43、on （爱护）， extension （延长）。1）The imprecision of the ordinary words led to many misunderstandings.（日常用词意义的含混引起了很多误会。）2） The imprecision of the ruler gave him a lot of trouble. （尺子的不准确给他带来了很多费事。）3） My ideas about it were imprecise. （我对这个问题的看法不准确。）4） The terms he used were imprecise. （他用的术语不准确。）8. denote
44、v. indicate， show （指示；代表；是的标记）1） Dark clouds denote rain. （乌云是下雨的预兆。）2） Red flares denote danger. （红色火焰是危急的标记。）3） My identity was denoted by a plastic label on my wrist. （我手腕上的塑料标签说明了我的身份。）9. subjective adj. 主观的subject n. 主观；题目；学科；臣民；主语 adj. 受支配的；易受的1） It is only my subjective impression. （这仅是我的主观印象
45、。）2） How can you fully believe his subjective judgement？ （你怎能完全信任他的主观推断？）3） Whats the subject for todays debate？ （今日辩论的题目是什么？）4） I am taking four subjects this semester. （本学期我选四门课。）5） He is a British subject. （他是英国臣民。）6） India is no longer subject to British rule. （印度不再受英国统治了。）7） This area is subject to seasonal winds. （这个地区常遭遇季风的攻击。）10. potentially adv. 可能地，潜在地potential adj. 潜在的，可能的 n. 潜力，可能性1） Electricity is potentially dangerous. （电是潜力的危急。）2） The dispute has scared away potential investors. （这场争辩吓跑了可能的投资者。）3） The hole in the road is a potenti