《大学课件 自考00015英语(二)自考小抄笔记资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学课件 自考00015英语(二)自考小抄笔记资料.doc（4页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、目录Unit 1Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4Unit 5Unit 6Unit 7Unit 8Unit 9Unit 10Unit 11Unit 12Unit 13Unit 14Unit 15模拟试卷单词表organizational :gnaizeinl a.组织（上）的 goal gul n.1.目的，目标；2.得分进球，球门objective bdektiv n.目标，目的；a.1.客观的，真实的；2.如实的，无偏见的accomplish kmpli vt.完成（任务等）predict pridikt vt./vi.预言；预示accompany kmpni vt.1.伴随，陪同；2.
2、为伴奏完整版 请加QQ：1273114568implement implimnt vt.实现；完成（任务等）；履行（协定、诺言等）constraint knstreint n.1.强制；2.强制因素，制约条件precedent presidnt n.先例，前例simplify simplifai vt.简化tendency tendnsi n.趋势，倾向managerial mndiril a.1.经理的，管理人的；2.管理上的，经营上的maker meik n.制造者；制造商achievement ti:vmnt n.1.完成，达到；2.成就，成绩attain tein vt.达到；完成op
3、timal ptiml a.最适宜的；最理想的suboptimization sbptimaizein n.局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现）trade-off treid f n.1.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；2.物物交换argue :gju: vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；vt.1.说服；2.用辩论证明budget bdit n.预算；vt.1.把编入预算；2.安排，预定scheme ski:m n.计划；方案；vt./vi.计划，策划define difain vt.1.解释，给下定义；2.限定，规定multiple mltipl a.多样的，复合的；n.倍数pro
4、fitability prfitbiliti n.赚钱，获利correctness krektnis n.正确，正确性unintended nintendid a.非计划中的，非故意的ongoing ngui a.进行中的，前进的entity entiti n.1.存在，实体；2.统一性skilled skild a.熟练的；有技能的in the way 挡路；碍事make a guess at 猜测and the like 等等，诸如此类seek to 追求，争取in part 部分地，在某种程度上point of view 观点interview intvju: vt./n.1.面谈，采访
5、；2.面试，口试criticism kritisizm n.批评；评论candidate kndideit n.1.候选人，候补者；2.应试者vague veig a.含糊的；不明确的notion nun 1. 概念；2.想法，看法prospect prspekt n.1.展望，景象；2.常pl.前景，前程community kmju:niti n.社区；共同体unattractive ntrktiv a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的indifference indifrns n.冷漠；不感兴趣（to）interviewer intvju: n.接见者；面谈者personality p:snlit
6、i n.个性；人格；品格prospective prspektiv a.预期的；未来的speechless spi:tlis a.1.不会说话的；2.不说话的clarification klrifikein n.澄清，阐明correspondence krispndns n.1.符合，一致；2.通信photocopy futukpi vt./n.1.复印，影印；2.照相复制本resume rezju:mei n.1.摘要，梗概；2.个人简历inefficiency inifinsi n.无效；效能差neat ni:t a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的conservative kns:vtiv a.1
7、.保存的，防腐的；2.保守的，守旧的punk pk n.1.（俚）阿飞；2.朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）；a.颓废派的miniskirt minisk:t n.超短裙panel pnl n.专门小组intimidate intimideit vt.恐吓，恫吓clutch klt vt./vi.抓住，握紧grip grip vt./n.1.紧握，紧夹；2.掌握，控制painful peinful a.1.痛苦的；2.费力的rephrase rifreiz vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示 apply for 申请day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工
8、作take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力put oneself in somebodys place 设身处地to ones advantage 对某人有利ask for 1.请求，向要；2.寻找in hand 手头上有make sure 1.查明，弄确实；2.确信at a disadvantage 处于不利地位turn down 1.拒绝；2.调小或调低；3.翻下astronomer strnm n.天文学家escape iskeip vi./vt.逃跑；避免；n.1.逃跑；2.逃路，出口exert igz:t vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）； 施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）
9、；行使（职权等）explode iksplud vt.使爆炸；vi.爆炸；突发density densiti n.1.密集度，稠密度；2.物化密度完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 collapse klps vt./vi./n（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃；（使）瓦解supernova sju:pnuv n.天超新星daytime deitaim n.白天，日间dwarf dw:f n.1.矮子；2.天矮星（= star，如太阳）shrink rik vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；vi./n.退缩，畏缩gravity grviti n.1.严肃，认真；2.严重性，重要性；3.物重力，地球引力m
10、arble m:bl n.1. （游戏用的玻璃、石头等做的）弹子；2.大理石；a.大理石的，大理石般的boundary baundri n.分界线，边界observer bz:v n.1.遵守者，奉行者；2.观察者，监视者interchangeable int（:）teindbl a.可交换的；可互换的constant knstnt a.1.永恒的，经久不变的；2.经常的，不断的；n.数 常数measurement memnt n.衡量，测量implication implikein n.1.含意，暗示；2.牵连，涉及，卷入basis beisis n.1.基础，根据；2.主要成份；3.军事基
11、地launch l:nt vt.1.发射，投射；2.使（船）下水；3.发动，发起（运动等）；n.发射，（船）下水galaxy glksi n.1.天星系，G-银河系，银河；2.一群出色（或著名）的人物observatory bz:vtri n.1.天文台；2.了望台convincing knvinsi a.有说服力的，使人信服的binary bainri a.1.二，双，复；2.数二进制的；n.1.二，双（体），复（体）；twin twin a.1.双胞胎的；2.两个相似部分组成的；n.1.双胞胎之一，pl. 双胞胎；2.两个相象的人或物；3.Twins天双子座companion kmpnjn
12、 n.1.同伴，同事；2.天伴星speculation spekjulein n.1.推测，猜测；2.投机完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 swallow swlu vt.吞咽mankind mnkaind n.人类operate preit vi.1.运转，起作用；2.动手术（on， upon）；vt.1.操作，操纵，经营；2.对动手术research into 研究speculation about 关于猜测重点短语完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 Unit 1-A 1course of action行动步骤，办事程序，做事方案 what is the best course
13、of action we can take?我们采取什么办法最好? Your best course of action is to forget about the whole unfortunate matter你最好的方法是忘掉这一切不幸。2in the way挡路，阻碍，妨碍 Im afraid your car is in the way看来你的汽车挡着道了。 I left them aloneas I felt I was in the way我觉得自己碍他们的事，就走了。3to make a guess at对进行猜测 Make a guess at an answer，plea
14、se!请猜一下答案! If I might make a guess(at her age)，Id say she was about 30要让我猜(她年龄)的话，我看她大概三十岁。4to blind sb to sth使某人看不到某物，使某人对某物丧失判断力 His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties他急于做事的愿望让他对困难一无所知。 Her lore for him blinded her to his faults她非常爱他，这让她对他的缺点丧失了判断力。5to contribute to sth 1)促成，导致 Do
15、es smoking contribute to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗? Carelessness contributed to his errors粗心大意造成了他的错误。2)有助于，增添 Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject她的著作非常有助于我们对这个难题的了解。 We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。，3)捐助，捐赠，贡
16、献 to contribute aid to refugeescontribute to the Red Cross 向难民提供援助捐助红十字会 Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。4)撰稿，投稿 She has contributed to literary magazines她给几家文学刊物投了稿。6a state of affairs情况，局势 What a shocking state of affairs!局势真惊人哪! That was the state of affairs befo
17、re the election选举前的情况就是那样。7to seek to do sth设法做某事 They are seeking to mislead他们竭力进行误导。 They sought to bring their conflict to an end他们试图结束冲突。8the scheme of things事物的规律，安排 In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to succeed一般来说(按事物的规律)，小本生意难做。9in part部分地；在某种程度上 His success was due in p
18、art to luck在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。 Were losing money-in part because，with our ancient computers，we cant stay competitive我们在赔钱-在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。10vary fromto从变为；在与之间变化 Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。 These fish vary in weight from 31b to 5lb这些鱼的重量从三磅到五磅不等。Unit 1-
19、B 1to apply for申请，请求 to apply for a jobpostpassportvisascholarship 申请工作职位护照签证奖学金 to apply to the publishers for the permission to reprint an extract 向出版者请求准予转印节录2day-to-day 1)日常的，每日常规工作的 She has been looking after the day-today administration她一直做日常的管理工作。2)逐日的 I have organized the cleaning on a day-t
20、o-day basis，until the usual cleaner returns我已经安排了清洁工回来前的逐日清洁工作。3to have no idea不知道；无能力 He has no idea how to manage people他根本不知道如何做人事工作。 You have no idea how worried I was!你根本不知道我有多么担心！4to take the trouble to do sth费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 Decent journalists should take the trouble to check the facts责任心强的新闻工作者
21、应该不厌其烦地核实报导内容。 Nobody took the trouble to comfort the angry woman没有人费力去劝劝那位愤怒的女人，5to put oneself in sbs place设身处地替某人着想 If you put yourself in my placeyou would understand it设身处地替我想一下，你就会理解的。 cfin sbs place处于某人的境地 What would you do in my place?你要是我会怎样做? In her place Id sell the lot我要是她的话就全部卖掉。6to one
22、s advantage对某人有利，对某人有帮助 You will find it to your advantage to learn some German before you visit Switzerland你会发现去瑞士前学一点德语将对你有好处。 It would be to our mutual advantage to continue the training centre把培训中心继续办下去对我们双方都有好处。 cfto ones disadvantage对某人不利，有损某人的声誉 It would be to your disadvantage to invest in t
23、he project在这个工程上投资对你会十分不利。 Have you heard of the turnouts to his disadvantage?你听说那些对他不利的谣言了吗?7at a disadvantage处于不利地位 His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage他不会说英语，这使他很吃亏。 They are working at a great disadvantage他们正在非常不利的情况下工作。8to ask for要求，请求 Did you ask(your boss)for a pay increas
24、e?你请求(老板)加薪了吗? Driving after drinking alcohol is asking for trouble酒后开车是自讨苦吃。9in hand 1)在手中(持有)；在手头(随时可用) I still have some money in hand我手头还有些钱。2)在控制下 We have the situation well in hand我们完全控制住了局面。3)正在办理、处理之中 The work is in hand and will soon be completed这项工作正在进行之中，不久即可完成。10to make sure(ofthat)1)弄清楚
25、，核实，查明 I think the doors lockedbut Id better go and make sure(of itthat it is)我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查实一下。2)设法确保 We have made arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well 为确保参观顺利进行我们已经做了安排。11to turn down 1)to turn sbsth down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝 He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor healt
26、h他想参军，但因身体欠佳而被断然拒绝。 He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down他请求简嫁给他，可她拒绝了。2)to turn sth down调节(炉具、收音机等)使热量、音量、温度等降低 Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。 Turn the taperecorder down-Im trying to get some sleep把录音机关小点儿-我想睡一会儿。12as soon as一就，不迟于 He left as soon
27、 as he heard the news他一听到这消息就走了。 Ill tell him as soon as possible我会尽快告诉他的。重点难点句子详解Unit 1-A 1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available决策就是从可选的行动方案中做出选择。本句中“course of action”是固定搭配，意为“行动步骤；办事程序；做事方案”。that从句为定语从句，修饰courses，介词短语amongavailable作from的宾语，另如：They
28、were mostly elected from among the workers他们大多数是从工人中选出来的。He took his watch from under the pillow他从枕头下把表拿了出来。We didnt meet until after the show我们直到演出后才见面。2some suggest that the management process is decision making有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。当suggest意为“建议”时，后面从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气，即 “(should)+动词原形”形式，而当suggest表达“认为；提出；暗
29、示” 时，则不用虚拟语气。例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time人们建议会议改期进行。She smiled，but her eyes suggested that she was not happy at all她笑了笑，但眼神却显示出她并不幸福。Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job?你是说我老得干不了这份工作? 3.decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as id
30、entifying them决策既包括识别选项又包括缩小选项范围。在A as well as B结构中，语义侧重点通常在A项，一般可理解为“不仅B，而且A”或“既B又A”。例如：There are advantages as well as disadvantages of friction摩擦力既有消极作用，也有积极作用。课文译文Unit 1-A什么是决策?决策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择，它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。之所以要决策，是因为有问题存在，目标或指标错误，或者有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。因此，决策过程对于管理至关重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关。事实上，有人认为管
31、理过程就是决策过程。管理者虽然不能预测未来，但很多决策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。通常，他们必须对未来事态做出最佳猜测，使偶然情况尽可能少地发生。不过，由于未知情况总是存在，风险与决策则往往相伴。有时，决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后果，但有时后果则不堪设想。选择就是从不同选项中进行取舍。没有选择，就没有决策。决策制订就是选择的过程，而且许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，就可能从多门课程中进行选择。对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。这些制约存在于一个组织的方方面面。选项就是可供选择的种种行动方案。没有选项，就没有选择，当然也谈不上决策
32、。如果看不到任何选项，通常表明对问题尚未进行全面的分析研究。例如，管理者看待问题，有时采取两者择一(非此即彼)的方式，把复杂的问题简单化。这种倾向使他们难以看到某些选项。在管理层次上，制订决策包括识别选项及缩小选项范围两个方面，这个范围可以从极为狭窄到近乎无限不等。决策者必须掌握某种方法判定其中的最佳选项，也就是说，哪个选项对实现组织目标最为有利。组织目标指该组织要努力完成或达到的目的或情形。由于个人(和组织)对实现目标的方式常常见解不一，最佳选择可能就取决于决策者了。有时，一个组织的下属机构做出的决策有利于自己的个体利益，但对上一级部门来说，却并非最佳选择，这种增加局部机构的利益，同时减少其
33、他机构的利益，在不能两全情况下做出的取舍，即所谓的局部最优化。例如，市场经理为增加广告预算，可能讲得头头是道，然而，从全局方案来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对整个组织有更多好处。这种权衡利弊进行取舍的做法之所以存在，是因为一个组织想要同时达到的目标很多。有些目标虽然相比之下更为重要，但其重要性及紧迫性往往因人因部门而各不相同。不同的管理者对同一问题有着不同的看法，当他们面对一件日常事例时，销售经理趋向于看销售问题，生产经理着眼于生产问题，如此等等。一个组织多种目标的紧迫性与重要性部分地取决于决策者的价值观念。这种价值具有个人色彩，而且复杂多变，他们自己甚至也因此难以捉摸。在很多商业场合，对于
34、风险与收益，不同的人有不同的接受标准，这使他们对决策正确与否也看法各异。人们常常认为，决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点看，问题的产生有多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果。一个组织是一个在发展中的实体，今天所作的决策可能在很远的将来才会有结果，因此，老练的管理者决策时总是放眼未来。课后答案Unit 1-A Exercises for the Text 阅读理解 1dall of the above 2Cdecision making also means risk taking 3CAlternatives，choice，decision 4ais good for a lar
35、ge organization 5dpersonal beliefs 从课文中找出下列词语的同义词 1alternative 2。fundamental 3accompany 4implement 5precedent 6attain 7objectives 8vary 9multiple l0isolate 词义搭配 1Cmake decisions 2ddesign programs 3isolve problems 4jsurvive accidents 5gseize opportunities 6epursue studies 7hattain goals 8aearn money
36、9fconsume time l0bpay debts 完形填空 One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinnerguests，our five-year-old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert(甜食)Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen andplaced the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next to
37、meDebbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as Ipassed it to another guest“You might as well keep it，”my daughtersaidTheyre all the same size 汉译英 1Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be 2Some people suggest that everything a manager does involves decisi
38、ons 3If there is no right choicethere is no right decision to be made 4Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms 5A decision maker is usually the key to business development of a company。 完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 Vocabulary Exercises 用所绐单词的适当形式填空 1abe organized bo
39、rganizational Corganization 2asimple bsimplified Csimply dsimplification 3aprofit bprofitable cprofitability 4aintention bintended cunintended 用下列单词的适当形式填空 1precedent 2skilled 3achievement 4implement 5optimal 6goal 7accomplish 8accompanies 9tendency l0ongoing 汉译英 1He was accompanied to the concert b
40、y his friends 2He has argued her out of her decision 3His success was due in part to luck 4In accordance with his suggestionthe procedure has been remarkably simplified 5The broadcast station predicted that it would be colder tomorrow 6Movement is defined as a change in position or place单元测试题Unit 1
41、Vocabulary and Structure 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。1Franklins ability to learn from observations and experience _ greatly to his success in public lifeAowed Bcontributed Crelated Dattached 2She did not go there with them，as she felt she was _ Aby the way Bin no way Cin the way Din a way 3His words and expr
42、ession suggested that he _ satisfied with the answerAwas Bshould Cbe Dis 4The handwriting is difficult to _ Aread Bbe read Creading Dbeing reading 5The importance of multiple objectives is also based _ ，on the values of the decision makerAin ahead Bin hand Cin part Don the part 6They wrote a letter
43、of thanks to _ had helped themAwho Bwhom Cwhomever Dwhoever 7Toms fluent English gives him an advantage _ other boys for the jobAabove Bwith Cthan D over 8He tried to join the army but was _ because of his poor healthAturned over Bturned on Cturned down Dturned back 9We made plans for a visit but _
44、difficulties with the car prevented itAsubordinate Bsubsequent Cafterward Dconsequent 10He has no word to say this matterAas for Bas to Cas since Das far as Word Spelling 将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及用短线表示的其余字母数均已给出。1完成，实现 v. a _ 2后果，结果 n. c _ 3目标，目的 no _ 4定义，解释 nd _ 5现象 n. P _ 6伴随，陪同 v. a _ 7识别 v i
45、 _ 8趋势 n. t _ 9社区；共同体 n c _ 10保守的；保存的 adj. e _ 11预言；预示 v. P _ 12计划；方案 n s _ 13熟练的；有技能的 adj. s _ 14达到；完成 v. a _ 15当前的 adj. c _ 16面试；面谈 n i _ 17展望，景象 nP _ 18个性；人格 nP _ 19澄清；阐明 n e _ 20批评；评论 n c _ Word Form 将括号中的各词变为适当形式填入空白。1If he should fail，we _ (courage)him to try again2She stood up _ (see)better3He spent a _ (profit)afternoon in the library4For the sake of _ (sim