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1、New English Words and Expressionsvfirst aid 急救vhigh voltage 高电压vin case of 万一vcommence kmens vi+vt 开始,着手 vassembly point 集合处vhazard hzd n 危险,冒险的事情vminor injury 轻伤vprocedure prsi:d n 程序,手续vcement factory siment 水泥厂 vfire extinguisher ikstigwi 灭火器vprotective clothing 防护衣vconsume knsju:m vt 消费vwaste ma
2、terial 垃圾vcanteen knti:n n 食堂vproduction line 生产线vfire exit 安全出口,紧急出口vclearly marked 清楚地标明vclock in 用打卡机记录上班时间vfire drill dril 消防训练,火灾避难训练vdelete dili:t vt 删除vget the sack 被解雇,被解职vhigh-heel shoes 高跟鞋vprotective mask 白大褂vbend ones knees bend 屈膝vworkplace etiquette w:kpleis etiket 工作场所行为规范vlump lmp n
3、块(尤其指小块)vblock the vein vein 阻塞血管vmassage ms: 按摩vhave a snack snk 吃点心vhallway h:lwei 走廊vpool table 桌球台vcereal siril n 谷类食品vhealth and safety signs 健康与安全标志ventrance lobby lbi 入门的大厅,休息室vbe kept clear 保持畅通New English Words and Expressionsvtoffee tfi n 太妃糖vyoghurt jug:t n 酸乳酪vcappuccino .k:pti:nu n 卡布奇诺
4、咖啡vdensity densiti n 密度vdensely packed 密集的vsuburban office park 郊区版公园区vsurf the Internet 网上冲浪vrowing machine rui 划船练力机vbe clear of obstacles bstkl 没有障碍物vGeneva dini:v n 日内瓦(瑞士南部城市)New English Words and Expressionsvmain office building 办公主楼vhard hat 安全帽vprotective clothing 防护服vfire drill 消防训练,火灾演练情态动
5、词v1 .情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。生。2） 情态动词情态动词 除除ought 和和have 外，后外，后面只能接不带面只能接不带to 的不定式。的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式不定式，分词，等形式v2. 比较比较can 和和be able to v1). can
6、could 表示能力；可能表示能力；可能 (过去时用过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式只用于现在式和过去式(could),be able to可以用可以用于各种时态。于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon. v2). 只用只用be able to va. 位于助动词后。位于助动词后。vb. 情态动词后。情态动词后。He might be able to find a good hotel.vc. 表示过去某时刻动作时。表示过去某时刻动作时。 vd. 用于句首表示条件。用于句首表示条件。Not being able tove.
7、 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/werev able to， 不能用不能用could He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.v注意：注意：could不表示时态时不表示时态时1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。）。 - Could I have the television on? - Yes, you can. / No, you ca
8、nt.v2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。他不大可能是坏人。vbe able to 表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。The fire spread through the building very quickly, but luckily everyone was able to escape. 不能用不能用could They didnt want to come with us at first, but in the end we were able t
9、o persuade them. 不能用不能用could3 .比较比较may和和might v1 )表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.注意：注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比只是可能性比may小。小。v2 ) 成语成语may/might as well不妨不妨v If that is the case, we may as well try.may well 很可能很可能vThe team
10、 may well have won the football match.4 .比较比较have to和和must v1)两词都是两词都是必须必须的意思，的意思，have to 表表示客观的需要，示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。看法，既主观上的必要。vMy brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.(客观上需要做这件事客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. （主观上要做这件事）（主观
11、上要做这件事） 2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。只有一种形式。He had to look after his sister yesterdayv3） 在否定结构中：在否定结构中： dont have to 表示表示“不必不必”, mustnt表示表示“禁止禁止”，vYou dont have to tell him about it. You mustnt tell him about it.5. must表示推测表示推测 v1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为意为“一定一定”。v2)
12、must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。的原形或行为动词的进行式。 You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. He must be working in his office. 比较：比较： He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。他现在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。他必须呆在那。 v3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，表示对已发生的事
13、情的推测时，must 要接完成式。要接完成式。 I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。睡着了。v4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。后面要接不定式的完成进行式。-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.5) 否定推测用否定推测用cant。If Tom did
14、nt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。还未到家。6. 表示推测的用法表示推测的用法 vcan, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其皆可表示推测，其用法如下：用法如下：v1）情态动词）情态动词+动词原形。动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。常为系动词。vI dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.v2）情态动词
15、）情态动词+动词现在进行时。动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.3）情态动词）情态动词+动词完成时。动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。表示对过去情况的推测。They would have finished this work by the end of last December.The road is wet. It must have rained last night.v4）情态动词）情态动词+动词的现在
16、完成进行时。动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。表示。Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.注意：注意：could, might表示推测时不表表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may7. 情态动词情态动词+ have +过去分词过去分词
17、1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定
18、肯定”，“想必想必的意思。的意思。-Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示定句表示不该做某事而做了不该做某事而做了。You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the
19、 old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）（事实上已扔了。）ought to 在语气上比在语气上比should 要强。要强。4) neednt have done sth 本没必要本没必要做某事做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打本打算做某事算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy .8. shoul
20、d 和和ought to should 和和ought to 都为都为应该应该的意思，的意思，可用于各种人称。可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.You oughtnt to make private phone calls in work time.表示要求，命令时，语气由表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、（应该）、had better最好）、最好）、must（必须）渐强。（必须）渐强。9. had better表示表示最好最好vhad better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形
21、式，它后面要跟动词原形。它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth had better not do sthIt is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.Shed better not play with the dog. vhad better have done sth表示与事实相反的结表示与事实相反的结果，意为果，意为本来最好本来最好。You had better have come earlier.10. would rather表示表示宁愿宁愿 vwould rather dowould rather not dowould
22、 rather than v还有还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示都表示“宁愿宁愿”、“宁可宁可”的意思。的意思。vIf I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例题典型例题-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do? A. do you
23、 ratherB. would you ratherC. will you rather D. should you rather11.will和和wouldv1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。想要，为固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me?v2）Will you?Would you like? 表示肯表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是而不是any。 Would you like some cake?v3）否定结构中用）否定结构中用will，
24、一般不用，一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。是一种委婉语气。 Wont you sit down?12. 情态动词的回答方式情态动词的回答方式v问句问句 肯定回答否定回答肯定回答否定回答Need you?Yes, I must.No,I needntMust you?/dont have to. v典型例题典型例题1）-Could I borrow your dictionary?-Yes, of course, you_. A. mightB. will C. can D. should2）-Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. I
25、ve told him already. A. neednt B. wouldntC. mustnt D. shouldnt3）-Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.-_.A. I dont B.I wont C. I cant D. I havent 13. 带带to 的情态动词的情态动词 ought to, have to, used to, be to, have got to ,(=must), be able to，它们的疑问，否定形，它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：式应予以注意：Do they have to pay
26、their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?典型例题典型例题Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told14 .比较比较need
27、和和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带式必须带to，而，而dare作实义动词用时作实义动词用时, 后面的后面的to 时常可以被省略。时常可以被省略。1) 实义动词：实义动词： need（需要（需要, 要求）要求） need + n. / to do sth2) 情态动词：情态动词： need，只用原形，只用原形need后加后加do，否，否定形式为定形式为need not
28、。Need you go yet? Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.3) need 的被动含义：的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：也可以表示被动：need doing = need to be doneCan的用法 v1. 能力（即能做某事）She can run very fast.Can you speak a foreign language?I cant pay you today.be able to表示同样的意思，还可表示未来时间，可用于完成时态。Our baby wil
29、l be able to walk in a few weeksI havent been able to sleep recenty.v2.可能性（可以，可能做某事）Can you help me with the box?Im afraid I cant go with you.v3.有时会/一时的可能性（不经常如此）Scotland can be very cold.It can be quite windy on the hills.v4.同意、允许（在这里can和may差不多日常口语中用can时更多）Can I come in?You can park here.Can I use
30、your phone?You cant smoke here.v5.用在疑问句及否定句中表示惊讶、不相信等（可能、能够）She cant be your daugher.He cant be more than thirty.You cant have forgotten me.Could 的用法A.作为can的过去式v1.表示能力She couldnt answer the teachers question. v2.表示可能性He said he couldnt come.B.代替can说明现在的情况v1.婉转提出请求Could I use your car?v2.用在疑问句及否定句中表示
31、惊讶、不相信等。Could this be true?C. could+完成时可用来谈过去的事。v1.表示那时（不）可能The money have disappeared. Who could have taken it?v2.表示本来可以、差点就He could have sent a message.I could have died laughing.v3.提出婉转的批评You could have started a little earlier.D.用于虚拟条件句You could get into university if you aplied.may的用法 v1.提出问题，问
32、可不可以May I come in?May I use your phone?v2.陈述句中表示可能He may not be there.You may have seen him.I may be going back in the fall.v3.用于陈述句，表示可以、允许You may come, if you wish.Thats all, you may go now.v4.表示祝愿May you be happy.May God be with you.might的用法作may的过去式v1.表示可以He asked if he might use the phone.v2.表示可
33、能He said he might be late.B.代替may，比may婉转v1.可以（用may更多）I wonder if I might use your phone.v2.可能、或许，比may可能性低v3.用于虚拟条件句If you didnt mind, you might go there.v4.轻微的埋怨11.2 Reporting Accidentsvstool stu:l n 凳子,板凳venviroment-friendly policy 有利于环境的政策vassess ses vt 评价,评估,估算vsolid waste 固体废料,固体垃圾vintend intend vt 打算,想要,试图vswitch swit vt 转换,交换,改变 n 转换,开关vswitch off (用开关)关掉vschemeski:m n 计划,方案vrecyle ri:saikl vt 循环,再利用vmonitor mnit vt 监视,监督,监听 vin money terms 按货币计算