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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流英语演讲教案【精品文档】第 9 页IntroductionWhat is public speaking? Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. A Brief Introduction to public speakingI. How to Prepare a Speech Stating Your Objec
2、tives： informtrainpersuadesell Analyzing Your Audience What to learn about the audience? Their opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject ; their likely bias, both personal and professional how do you learn it? Ask the person who has invited you to speak. Find out what the occasion is an
3、d if there is a program theme. Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech Theme Six Criteria 1. The topic should be interesting to you. 2. It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of being made interesting to them. 3. It should be appropriate to the situation. 4. It should be app
4、ropriate to the time available. 5. It should be manageable. 6. It should be worthwhile. Dont waste your audiences time. Gathering and Selecting Appropriate Materials convincing materials seven major types of materials: descriptions and explanations, statistics, examples, testimony, comparison and co
5、ntrast, repetition and restatement, and visuals. guidelines Outlining Your Speech guidelines:1. Write and label your specific purpose at the top of your outline.2. Indicate main ideas, points, sub-points, and supporting materials properly. 3. Use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point. Us
6、ing subdivisions helps you give attention to all the points you want to say.4. Label the introduction, main body and conclusion. II. How to Write a Great Speech Organizing the Body of the SpeechA. The IntroductionA. It should introduce the topic. providing background information, definitions explana
7、tions, etc. B. Generally it should contain the thesis statement.C. It should be interesting enough to make the listener want to continue listening. Anecdotes, shocking statistics, quotes, and rhetorical questions D. It should indicate how your topic will be developed.E. tell your listeners WHY they
8、should listen to you; such as how they will benefit. F. include the method of organization that you will follow. This helps the listener prepare for what you are going to say and help them organize the information. An effective introduction Creates a favorable first impression with the audience Boos
9、ts a speakers self-confidenceGaining attention relate the topic to the audience State the importance of the topic Startle the audience Arouse the curiosity of the audience Question the audience Begin with quotation Tell a story Using visual aidsReveal the topic Clearly states the speech topic Establ
10、ish the credibility and goodwill of the speakerPreview the body Tells audience what to listen for in the rest Provide a smooth lead-in Present special informationB. Main Bodya. Each main point discusses one aspect of the thesis. b. The main points should be linked with clear transitions so as to giv
11、e the body coherence and unity. C. ConclusionA conclusion can restate the thesis. A conclusion can restate the main points. A conclusion can call for some sort of action (particularly in a persuasive piece)A conclusion can highlight areas for further research. A conclusion can suggest results or con
12、sequences. A conclusion can remind the audience of the importance of the information presented. The speaker can thank the audience for their attention. A conclusion should NEVER bring up a new topic. A speaker should NEVER apologize for their information. The last thing you want to happen is for the
13、 audience to question your credibility.2 functions of conclusion Signal the end of the speech Reinforce the audiences understanding of the speech Using Speech LanguageA. Using Language AccuratelyB. Use Language ClearlyC. Use language Vividly III. How to Deliver a Great Speech Physical Delivery1. pos
14、tureA public speaker should look comfortable, confident and prepared to speak. In posture, the two extremes to avoid are rigidity and sloppiness. 2. facial expressionsYour facial expression must match what you are saying. 3. movementa. Never turn your back on the audience while you are speaking.b. I
15、f you move about on the stage, make your movements purposeful.c. Be aware of all potential obstacles on the stage. 4. gestures5. Eye contactLet your gaze move over each member of the audiencedont choose one person and look fixedly at him or her. avoid the temptation to look over the heads of your au
16、dience or to hold your notes in front of your face. 6. AppearanceThe way you dress and present yourself Dress appropriately to the audience Vocal DeliveryVocal delivery refers to the use of your voice to convey your message. 1. rateRate is the speed not too slowly or too quickly. Varying your rate c
17、an be critical. 2. pausetemporary stopspause before and after a major point. You can use pauses to illustrate that you are changing from one point to another. You can use pauses for emphasis3. volumeVolume refers to how loud one speaksSpeak too soft Speak too loud changing the volume at certain poin
18、ts emphasize important ideas. Raising your voice lowering your voice 4. pitchPitch refers to the high or low quality of your voice. Volume is measured in terms of loudness.The pitch of your voice in public speaking refers to the “excitement” or “enthusiasm” level in your voice. pitch can be raised a
19、nd lowered for emphasis. vary your pitch. 5. Pronunciation6. articulation : not slur, speak clearlyIV. How to Analyze and Evaluate Speech three “M”s: matter, manner and method.Speaking to PersuadeI. Persuasion: a Psychological process A. Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging. (cont
20、roversial topics, involving values and beliefs; listeners own ideas) B. Listeners: mental give-and-take (listeners: assessment on speakers) II. The Target Audience The part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his message. Agree and disagree audience Adapt the speech to the value
21、s and concerns of the TA Do not exclude other listeners III. Monroes Motivated Sequence Monroes motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action. Alan H. Monroe (Purdue University) 1930s what creates makes a motivational speech actually motivati
22、ng. a 5-step method for organizing motivational speeches. 1.AttentionGet the attention of your audience using a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotations, etc. E.g. Hey! Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM!2.NeedShow that the problem about which you are speaking exists, that it is
23、significant, and that it wont go away by itself. Use statistics, examples, etc. Convince your audience that there is a need for action to be taken. E.g. Let me EXPLAIN the problem. 3.Satisfy.You present your plan and show how it will work. Be sure to offer enough details about the plan. E.g. But, I
24、have a SOLUTION!4.VisualizationTell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place. Be visual and detailed. E.g. If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen.5.Action.Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem. Say exactl
25、y what you want the audience to do and how to do it. E.g. You can help me in this specific way. Are YOU willing to help me?Advantage of MMS It emphasizes what the audience can do. Monroes motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take. Sample Speech：The Ultimate GiftIV. Persuasive Sp
26、eeches on Questions of Fact A. seek to persuade audience to accept the speakers view of the facts on a particular issue. E.g. Will the economy be better or worse next year? B. different from an informative speechIS: give information as impartially as possible argue for a point of viewPS: persuade th
27、e audience to accept the speakers view about the information e.g. In a trial lawyer jury guilt / innocent defendant V. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value A. Judgments based on a persons beliefs about whats right or wrong B. 2 steps: 1. define the standards for value judgments 2. judge the sub
28、ject of the speech against the standards. VI. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy A. deal with specific courses of action: involve questions of fact and value; go beyond that B. 2 types: 1. gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary & practical 2. motivate the audience to ta
29、ke immediate action C. 3 basic issues need, plan & practicality 1. need: (no) need for a change 2. a specific plan: solve the need 3. practicality: Plan: workable, solve the need without creating new problems VII. Methods of Persuasion A. Building credibility 1. Credibility affected by: competence &
30、 character competence: speakers intelligence, expertise & knowledge of the subjectcharacter: speakers sincerity, trustworthiness 2. 3 types of credibility: initial credibility; derived credibility; terminal 3. 3 strategies to credibility: a. explaining their competenceb. establishing common ground w
31、ith the audiencec. delivering speeches fluently, expressively and with conviction B. Using Evidence 1. examples, statistics, testimony 2. 4 tips to use evidence effectively: use specific evidence; novel ; use from credible sources; make clear the point of the C. Reasoning Reasoning: the process of d
32、rawing a conclusion based on evidence use reasoning from specific instances use reasoning from principle use analogical reasoning, casual reasoning D. Emotions Appeals 1. Emotions Appeals (motivational appeals): make listeners feel sad, happy, angry, fearful, etc. 2. 3 ways: with emotionally charged language; with vivid examples; speak with sincerity and conviction