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1、PART IV PROOFREADING&ERRORCORRECTION 15 MIN The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the cor
2、rect one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with asign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash / and put the word i
3、n the blank provided at the end of the line. EXAMPLE When art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an It never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition it must often build it. (3) exhibit 2013 年Psycholinguistics is the name given
4、 to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) listening, reading, speaking, writing, and the memory for language. One reason why we take the language for granted is that
5、it usually (2) happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) Indeed, when you listen to someone speaking, looking at this page, (4) You normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity. (5) involved: if we are sea
6、rching for a word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing- impaired or if we meet any
7、one else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) of what might be called “ language in exceptional circumstance ”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) listening, writing and reading. But given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also need to carr
8、y out careful (10) experiments to get at what is happening. 2013参考答案：1. production 改 producing 2. 去掉 the 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 3. of 后加 the most of time 意为时常most of the time 绝大多数时间4. looking 5. we 前加 that 强调句6. in
9、fluenced 改 affected, influence 强调人或物对某人的影响，affect 强调因为某种作用对某人或某物产生的影响，本句中指中风这一动作行为对语言的影响7. acquire 改 acquiring observe sb. Doing sth. 8. anyone 改 someone 9. evolved 改 involved 10. were 改 are 2012 年The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argume
10、nt has been going since at least the first (1) _ century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favored certain kind of “ free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _ the manner. This is the often r
11、evolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th(5) _ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _ was entirely the product of culture, the view transl
12、ation was impossible (7) _ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _ extreme “ literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov. The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translati
13、on, the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _ 2012参考答案：1 going since加入 on 题解： go on的意思是 “ 继续 ” ，符合句子表达的含义“ 争论一直在继续” 。2
14、 certain改为 a certain 题解：此处要表达的意思是“ 很多作家喜欢一种自由的翻译方法” ，第一次出现这种方法应该加上不定冠词。3 rather改为 not 题解：根据原句的句子结构，rather应改为 not。4 is 改为 was 题解：此句应该为过去时。5 in 改为at 题解： at the turn of 19thcentury“十九世纪之初 ” ，是固定搭配。6 the 删去第二个the 题解：这里并没有特指某种语言，所以不用定冠词。7 viewtranslation加入 that 题解：在view和translation之间加上 that， 可将“translati
15、on was impossible”看成 view的同位语。8 was删去 was 题解：条件状语从句常可以省略主语和系动词。9 culminatedthe加入 in 题解： culminate in 是“ 以.告终 ” 的意思，符合上下文含义。10.and 改为 but 题解：根据原句意思“ 现在背景变化了，但是基本问题依然存在” ，两句话之间应该是转折关系。2011 年名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - Fro
16、m a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen （1）_ and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscious （2）_ that I was outraging my true nature and that soon or later I should have to （3
17、）_ settle down and write books. I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For （4）_ this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my （
18、5）_ schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from （6）_ the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the （7）_ feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power
19、of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that （8）_ this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back （9）_ for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious （10）_ i.e. seriously intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount t
20、o half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. 2011参考答案：1.在 grow 后加 up, 考固定短语2.改 conscience为 consciousness 考词语区别， conscience 翻译为 “ 良心，道德心 ” , consciousness翻译为“ 意识 ”3.改 soon 为 sooner，sooner or later 是固定短语4.在 child 前加 middle, 考上下文理解。作者是三个
21、孩子句中的那位5.改 disagreeing 为 disagreeable ，disagreeing 只能作动名词，不能作形容词。 disagreeable mannerisms令人讨厌的习惯6.改 imaginative 为 imaginary, 考词语区别imaginative 翻译为 “ 有想象力的 ” ，imaginary 翻译为 “ 想象的，虚构的 ”7.改 literal 为 literary , 考词义区别，literal 翻译为 “ 字面的 ” ，literary 翻译为 “ 文学方面的 ”8.去掉 face 后的 in，face 接宾语时是及物动词。考动词的基本用法。9.在
22、world 后加 in 或者改 which 为 where, 考定语从句10.改 Therefore 为 However 或者 Nevertheless, 考语境。2010 年So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other （1）_ to say the things their speakers
23、want to say. （2）_ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive （3）_ peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - -
24、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. （4）_ The Eskimos can speak about snow with further more （5）_ precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one
25、of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect （6）_ in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The Englis
26、h （7）_ language will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, （8）_ presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction as important. （9）_ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of
27、motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the （10）_ Eskimos life. 2010参考答案：1.be 后插入as; as as引导的比较级2.their 改为 its; its 代替 every language 3.There 改为 It; It 此处作为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式4.Whereas改为 But ； 语境需要表示转折的连词，whereas表示对比5.further 改为 much further 不能修饰比较级e 改为 bring; (sth.)come to lig
28、ht , bring sth. to light (bring to light the defect of English =bring the defect of English to light 揭示英语的缺陷) 7.similar 改为 different; 根据语境应该用different 8.will 改为 would; 虚拟语气9.as important 去掉 as; 10.the part 去掉 the 或者改 the 为 a be/become/form (a) part of 是固定短语2009 年The previous section has shown how qu
29、ickly a rhyme passes from one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener (2)_ has grown up, and has children of their own, or ev
30、en grandchildren. (3)_ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground (4)_ lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour (5)_ it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of
31、 the (6)_ same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or (7)_ even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and ov
32、er; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8)_ 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live (9)_ after so much handling, to let alone that it
33、bears resemblance to the (10)_ original wording. 2009参考答案：(1) the further difference 改为 a further difference （此次应该用不定冠词表示泛指）(2) 改 when 为 until, 结构 not.until 翻译为 “ 直到 才”(3)their 改为 his（代词与前文a little listener 在单复数上保持一致）(4)something 改为 anything 此处指二十到七十的任何时段(5)therefore 改为 however （根据上下文逻辑关系）(6) in the
34、 general 去掉 the （习惯用法in general 表示总的来说，一般不用冠词）(7) currently 改为 current （这里起的是表语的作用，需要形容词而不是副词）(8) it has passed 改为it has been passed （与分号前的被动保持一致）(9) live 改为alive alive 翻译为 “ 鲜活的 ” ，一般作补语；live 翻译为 “ 现场转播的；活的” ，一般作定语(10) to let alone 改为let alone (let alone 为习惯搭配，意思是“ 更不用说2008 年The desire to use langu
35、age as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent (1)_ part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate (2) _ a given language to show that they are distinctive from another (3)_ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the U
36、nited States (4)_ split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a (5)_ different language from those of Britain. There was even one (6)_ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured the adoption of Greek, t
37、hough, as one man put it, things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English (7)_ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone (8)_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying with the same language as before. (9)_ Since
38、nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world (10)_ that political independence and national identity can be complete without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language. 2008参考答案：1.in result 改成 in consequence，2.moves 改成 movements./ 去掉 have ? 3.distinctive 改成 distinct 或
39、 different/ a 改 their? 4.在 time 后加 when 5.accepted 改成 realized/ by 改 with ， with 表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般要加冠词，by 表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不带冠词6.those 改成 that 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 7.删除 on, 8.At 改成 In 9.carrying with 改成carrying on
40、with 10. now 改成ago 2007 年From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1)_ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2)_ emerging state. It is of
41、ten said, of course, that the language (3)_ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4)_ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries(5)_ than we find in English.
42、It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in(6)_ other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that(7)_ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen an
43、d Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference (8)_ between these noises and language proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (9)_ whereas language proper does n
44、ot consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. (10)_ 2007参考答案：1.改 and 为 or, any language today or records of ancient languages 是并列成分，在否定句中用or 2.改 show 为 showing, 现在分词作定语3.删除 the, 表示泛指4.改 and 为 but, 根据语境此处是转折5.改 large 为 larger, 后面有 than, 应该用比较级6.改 in 为 on, o
45、n other grounds “ 基于其它理由” ，为固定搭配 / disprove 改 prove, prove 与后面构成转折关系？7.改 return 为 response , in response to “对 作出反应 ”8.删除 on, emphasize sth. emphasize是及物动词9.在 large 前加 a, extent 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。to a large extent 翻译为 “ 在很大程度上 ”10. 改 these为 those those that/who 为固定形式2006 年We use language primarily as a m
46、eans of communication with 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1)_ to the way in which
47、words should be arranged to convey a particular (2)_ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a (3)_ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his (4)_ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English (5)_ speakers. His vocabulary, in particu
48、lar, both that which he uses actively and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. (6)_ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unless he has
49、a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another (7)_ member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most (8)_ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual si
50、gns (writing). And these are (9)_ among most striking of human achievements. (10)_ 2006参考答案：1.改 agreeing 为 agreed agreed conventions 翻译为 “ 习俗”2.words 前加 the, 此处为特指 / way 改 ways,与 conventions 对应 , 可数名词 ? 3.改 in 为 at at one s disposal为固定短语，翻译为“ 由某人做主 ”4.改 enables为 enable，定语从句与先行词vocabulary and a set o