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1、上土市中学有效教学导学案年级： 高三 学科 ：英语 课题：语法复习【专题一】冠词、名词 【考情分析】1冠词在高考中的考查重点：冠词虽小，只有a，an和the三个，但却是历年各地高考必考语言点之一。就考查题型而言，以单项选择为主，有时在完形填空和短文改错中出现。2名词在高考中的考查重点：一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现, 绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析, 名词和表示数量词结合的考查, 以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占有一席之地。【知识交汇】冠词1. 以考查冠词的基础用法为重点（特指，类指，泛指）, 熟记定冠词和零冠词的特殊用法；2. 和某些抽象名词连用，使其具体化将成为
2、考查重点；3. 理解有无冠词意义不同的词组；4. 对冠词的灵活运用即一些固定短语，特殊句式将仍旧会出现在高考试卷中。名词1. 熟记近义名词的辨析2. 熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等3. 掌握名词的抽象化和具体化4. 掌握名词的所有格5. 注意(复合)名词作定语时可单可复6. 熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用名词 考点聚焦名词的数：可数与不可数可数名词单、复数变
3、化形式（1）规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的
4、词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff
5、 cliffs。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women dri-vers。（C）与
6、介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。（2）不规则变化。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-frie
7、nds, go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good
8、 manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。名词的转化1一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：(1)抽象名词表示具有某种
9、特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词) in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)have pity on sb. 怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 乐事(2)抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念
10、，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比： After several years self study he acquired a great deal of knowledge.A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Have you had any experience of teaching English？I had a rather different experience the other day. Walk is a good form of exercise. Would you like t
11、o have a walk (swim， bath， talk) with me？It is a waste of time reading such a novel. There is too much waste in this factory. 【易错警示】 有些抽象名词不能具体化使用，即使有形容词修饰，也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有：fun，advice，information，health, progress, wealth, news, weather，homework等。2物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：(1)物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单
12、、复数。some coffee 一些咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 some drink 一些饮料 a drink 一杯饮料 his hair 他的头发 a few white hairs 几根白发 glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯 (2)物质名词有形容词修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfasthave a wonderful breakfastThe road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wond
13、erful time last night. 3有复数形式的不可数名词(1)有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，表示具体化，意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如：use ones brains 动脑筋 meet with difficulties遇到各种困难make preparations 做准备in high spirits 情绪高涨good manners 有礼貌Many thanks. 非常感谢。No pains，no gains.不劳无获。congratulations 祝贺possessions 所有物，财产surroundings 环境(2)有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之
14、广。如：burst into tears 大哭起来miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩burn to ashes 烧成灰烬四、名词的格1s所有格的特殊表达形式(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of apples。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths plant, the worlds population, Chinas industry, New Yo
15、rks parks。(3)表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop，house等名词。如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所。2of所有格(1)基本形式：a friend of Tomssome/two students of mine(2)表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those, 但不能用the。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)五、名词作定语名词
16、作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式，根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类：表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。stone wall, shoe shop, coffee cup表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。summer school, evening dress, street light表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。bike key, animal trainer, woman driver注意：1名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如：two pencil boxes, girl friends但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式，如：sports shoes 运动鞋cl
17、othes shops 服装店 a sales girl女销售员a greetings card 贺卡a customs officer 海关人员2man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。a man doctormen doctors; a woman engineerwomen engineers3名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。the girl friend女朋友the girls friend那位女孩的朋友the woman driver女司机the womans driver那位妇女的司机4名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象；形容词作定语
18、主要起修饰、限定的作用。gold watch金表； golden sunshine金色的阳光heart trouble心脏病；hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 convenience food快餐；convenient food制作方便的食品2、不可数名词的数（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功 a success一个(
19、件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者失败是成功之母。by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历youth青春 a youth一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in interna
20、tional trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.冠词 考点聚焦 一、冠词的基本用法与习惯用法 关于冠词的基本用法和习惯用法，我们要记住这个口诀： 名词冠词不分家，泛指特指惯用法。 名词冠词不分家：冠词是虚词，不能单独使用，必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数，单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。
21、1.不用冠词的情况（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。China, America, SmithAir is matter.（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。This dictionary is mine.（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。March, May Day, National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day Have you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurs
22、e、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。Whats this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.（5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。Do you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。They are peasants/ workers.（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。by car, by bus,by bik
23、e, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。（8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。名词词组中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork介词词组中：to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into
24、, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。in hospital 住院（因病） in the hospital在医院（工作、参观等） in front of在前面，指某物体之外in the front of在前部，指某物之内in charge负责，主管 out of que
25、stion没问题in the charge由负责 out of the question不可能（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。The young girl has turned writer.= The young girl has become a writer.（11）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。She did experiment aft
26、er experiment.类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。Oh, its most beautiful.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in
27、 winter.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most dangerous enemy.序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。why you took a second arrow注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。No s
28、uch thing has ever happened in this village.（14）never、ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。（15）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。Conference opens.会议召开了。2.定冠词的使用情况（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。特指或第二次提到。序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。（2）定冠词
29、使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员 the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个 The sooner, the better.越快越好。 He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/th
30、e year但：by weight按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代） the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩） in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.Goo
31、d advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.3.不定冠词常用的几种情况（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。Ill return in a day or two.（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.（3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age. （4）表示类指，表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor.（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。A horse is a useful a
32、nimal.（6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. （7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4.冠词表类别的常见方式（1）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代
33、表一类。The computer was invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.（2）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to
34、 be the protector of woman.（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5.冠词位置问题（1）不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。This is a very interesting story.（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。Ive never seen such a film!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!（3
35、）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.I cant finish the task in so short a time.This seems not too long a distance.We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.However low te price you paid,you waste your money.He is brave enough a hunter to kill t
36、he bear.（4）定冠词位置。half、twice、three times + the + 名词He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three times the size of yours.all、both、double + the + 名词Both the blind men were mistaken.All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.抽象
37、名词和物质名词具体化1不可数名词的具体化，包括抽象名词的具体化和物质名词的具体化。所谓抽象名词的具体化，是指冠词用在抽象名词之前，表示“一种”、“一类”或“一个具体情况”等概念，使本来抽象的名词具体化，具有了“一”的含义。 The house is full of joy. The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物)Failure is the mother of success. He is a success as an actor. (一个成功的人或物)He gave me a lot of pleasure. It is a
38、pleasure to work with you. (一件令人愉快的事情)She looked up in surprise. What a great surprise you gave me. (一件令人惊讶的事情)Knowledge is power. He has a wide knowledge of animals. (一门的知识)He received little education.He received a good education. (一种的教育)精典名题导解1. The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined
39、 by the sort of _wool used.（NMET 2001）AThe ; the Bthe ; / C/; the D/; /2. Most animals have little connection with_animals of_different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET 2000）Athe a B/ a Cthe the D/ the3. Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth cent
40、ury.（NMET1999）Athe / Bthe the C/ the D/ /4John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.Im in bath.A. a; the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填5. Tom owns larger collection of books than any other student in our class.A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填; the6. It is generally accepted that boy must lear
41、n to stand up and fight like man.A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.a; 不填7. As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.A. the;不填 B. a; the C.不填a D. the; a8. Experts think that _recently discovered painting may be _ Picsso. A.the ;不填 B. a ;the C. a ; 不填 D. the; a9. Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the
42、school, told us, “ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”A. 不填；A B.不填；The C.the; The D.a; A10. In communication, a smile is usually _ strong sign of a friendly and _ open attitude.A. the, / B. a, an C. a, / D. the, an11. Its said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 _ year
43、. Right, he will also get paid by _ week.A. the; the B. a; the C. the; a D.a; a12. In _ most countries，a university degree can give you _ flying start in life. Athe；a Bthe；/ C/；/ D/；a13. Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world. A/；the Bthe；/ Can；th
44、e Dthe；a14. There are over 58000 rocky objects in _ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. Athe；the B/；the Cthe；/ Da；the15. Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places. Athe；the B/；/ Cthe；/ D/；the16. Gorge couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _ Sunday because everybody was at _ church. A/；the Bthe；/ Ca；/ D/；a17.Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. Is it _ black one?