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1、语法专项语法专项(三三)名词与冠词名词与冠词一、名词一、名词考点一考点一名词词义辨析名词词义辨析1 1关联词辨析。指在选择项中给出的四个内涵丰富的常用名词关联词辨析。指在选择项中给出的四个内涵丰富的常用名词都属于某个属性范畴或者意义有某些共性,或与句子在某个方面有些都属于某个属性范畴或者意义有某些共性,或与句子在某个方面有些关联,但在具体意义上彼此差异很大。如与事故、灾难有关联的:关联,但在具体意义上彼此差异很大。如与事故、灾难有关联的:rescuerescue“营救”;“营救”;sheltershelter“遮盖物;避难所”;“遮盖物;避难所”;proofproof“证据;检验;“证据;检验
2、;考验”等。考验”等。2 2形近词辨析。某些形近词,包括拼写和读音相似的词、谐音形近词辨析。某些形近词,包括拼写和读音相似的词、谐音词、同根词及同缀词等经常放在一起,看起来相似,其实意义相差甚词、同根词及同缀词等经常放在一起,看起来相似,其实意义相差甚远。这类题主要测试考生对细节把握的精确性以及对形近词的辨认与远。这类题主要测试考生对细节把握的精确性以及对形近词的辨认与运用能力,运用能力,如如 argumentargument,agreementagreement,arrangementarrangement;contactcontact,contractcontract,contrastco
3、ntrast,conflictconflict,contrarycontrary等。等。3 3近义词辨析。选项所提供的几个词的词义相同或相近,这是近义词辨析。选项所提供的几个词的词义相同或相近,这是高考的热点和难点,如高考的热点和难点,如 powerpower,forceforce,strengthstrength 和和 energyenergy等。等。考题印证考题印证(2013(2013湖北荆州毕业班质检改编湖北荆州毕业班质检改编)The)The TVTV showshow firstfirst airedairedinin thetheUKUKinin 19901990 andand ra
4、nran tilltill 1995,1995,enjoyingenjoyinghugehuge _(popular)_(popular)notnotonly in the UK but across the whole world.only in the UK but across the whole world.解析:解析:根据逗号前面的内容可知,此处表示这档电视节目不但在根据逗号前面的内容可知,此处表示这档电视节目不但在英国而且在全世界都很受欢迎。英国而且在全世界都很受欢迎。popularitypopularity“流行,受欢迎流行,受欢迎”,符合,符合句意。句意。答案:答案:popul
5、aritypopularity考点二考点二抽象名词具体化和物质名词个体化抽象名词具体化和物质名词个体化1 1抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。抽象名词抽象名词difficultydifficulty困难困难experienceexperience经验经验failurefailure 失败失败knowledgeknowledge知识知识successsuccess 成功成功surprisesurprise 惊
6、奇惊奇honourhonour 荣誉荣誉抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化a difficultya difficulty一件难事一件难事an experiencean experience 一次经历一次经历a failurea failure 一位失败者;一件失败的事一位失败者;一件失败的事a good knowledgea good knowledge丰富的知识丰富的知识a successa success 一位成功者;一件成功的事一位成功者;一件成功的事a surprisea surprise 一件令人吃惊的事一件令人吃惊的事an honouran honour一位一位(件件)带来荣誉的人或事
7、带来荣誉的人或事As it turned out,the 2012 London Olympic Games was a success.As it turned out,the 2012 London Olympic Games was a success.结果是结果是 20XX20XX 年伦敦奥运会是一次成功的盛会。年伦敦奥运会是一次成功的盛会。It is a great honour for China to develop the fastest computer inIt is a great honour for China to develop the fastest compu
8、ter intodays world.todays world.中国研发出如今世界上最快的电脑,这真是一件令人荣幸的事。中国研发出如今世界上最快的电脑,这真是一件令人荣幸的事。2 2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词物质名词物质名词drinkdrink饮料饮料可数名词可数名词two drinkstwo drinks两杯饮料两杯饮料a coffeea coffee一杯咖啡一杯咖啡two teastwo teas两杯茶两杯茶物质名词物质名词sugarsugar糖糖可数名词可数名词a sugara sugar一块糖一块糖a papera paperpaperpaper 纸纸
9、一张报纸;一张报纸;一篇论文一篇论文hairhair头发头发a haira hair一根头发一根头发coffeecoffee 咖啡咖啡teatea茶茶Would you like some coffee?Would you like some coffee?你想喝点咖啡吗?你想喝点咖啡吗?I would like a coffee and two beers.I would like a coffee and two beers.我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。二、冠词二、冠词考点一考点一不定冠词不定冠词 a a,anan 用法用法1 1不定冠词不定冠词 a(n)a(n)表
10、示“某一个”,表示“某一个”,相当于相当于 somesome,译为“一个”。译为“一个”。Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons,please?Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons,please?请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走?请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走?Sorry,we dont have a Johnson here in the village.Sorry,we dont have a Johnson here in the village.对不起,这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。对不起,这个村庄里没有一个
11、叫约翰逊的人。考题印证考题印证(2013(2013 福建改编福建改编)The)The“Chinese“ChineseDream”Dream”isis _ dreamdream totoimprove peoples well-improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony,peacebeing and _ dream of harmony,peaceand development.and development.解析:解析:本题考查冠词用于泛指的用法。由句意本题考查冠词用于泛指的用法。由句意“中国梦是一个要中国梦是一个要改善人们的福利的梦并且
12、是一个和谐、和平以及发展的梦想。改善人们的福利的梦并且是一个和谐、和平以及发展的梦想。”可知可知两空均为泛指。两空均为泛指。答案:答案:a a;a a2 2不定冠词不定冠词 a(n)a(n)用于抽象名词前,意为“一种的人或事”。用于抽象名词前,意为“一种的人或事”。Yesterdays party was a success.Yesterdays party was a success.昨晚的晚会是一次成功的晚会。昨晚的晚会是一次成功的晚会。考题印证考题印证(2012(2012 南南 昌昌 二二 模模 改改 编编)Many)Manypeoplepeople agreeagree thattha
13、t _knowledge of English is _ must in international trade today.knowledge of English is _ must in international trade today.解析:解析:考查冠词。不可数名词在表示其某一部分或某一方面的内考查冠词。不可数名词在表示其某一部分或某一方面的内容概念时,前面用不定冠词。容概念时,前面用不定冠词。a knowledge ofa knowledge of 某一方面的知识;某一方面的知识;mustmust在本句中表示在本句中表示“必不可少的事物必不可少的事物”,是可数名词。,是可数名词。
14、答案:答案:a a;a a3 3不定冠词不定冠词 a(n)a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。The walk is expected to last all day,so bring a packed lunch.The walk is expected to last all day,so bring a packed lunch.这段路程预计要走一整天,所以带一份盒装午饭。这段路程预计要走一整天,所以带一份盒装午饭。4 4不定冠词不定冠词 a(n)a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。We had a very cold
15、winter last year.We had a very cold winter last year.去年我们度过了一个寒冷的冬天。去年我们度过了一个寒冷的冬天。5 5“a/ana/an序数词”不表示排序,表“又一、再一”。序数词”不表示排序,表“又一、再一”。In order to find a better job,he decided to study a second foreignIn order to find a better job,he decided to study a second foreignlanguage.language.为了找到一个更好的工作,他决定再学
16、习一门外语。为了找到一个更好的工作,他决定再学习一门外语。考题印证考题印证(2012(2012厦门质检改编厦门质检改编)Alana had made up her mind to give up her)Alana had made up her mind to give up hernewnew researchresearchwork,work,butbut onon _ secondsecond thoughtthought sheshe decideddecidedtototry _ third time.try _ third time.解析:解析:考查冠词。考查冠词。on seco
17、nd thought(s)on second thought(s)是固定短语,意为是固定短语,意为“又一又一想,转念一想想,转念一想”;a a序数词,意为序数词,意为“又一次,再一次又一次,再一次”;thethe序数序数词,意为词,意为“第几第几”,根据,根据“但再三考虑她决定再试一次但再三考虑她决定再试一次”。答案:答案:不填;不填;a a6 6不定冠词不定冠词 a(n)a(n)用于形容词最高级前无比较含义,表示程度,用于形容词最高级前无比较含义,表示程度,意为“很,非常”。意为“很,非常”。He is a most wise man.He is a most wise man.他是一位非常
18、英明的人。他是一位非常英明的人。7 7 用于固定搭配中,用于固定搭配中,如:如:as a matter of fact,in a hurry,in a word,as a matter of fact,in a hurry,in a word,have a(an)have a(an).knowledge of.knowledge of,have a(an)have a(an).understanding of.understanding of,a wastea wasteofof,a variety ofa variety of,quite a fewquite a few,in a wayi
19、n a way,all of a suddenall of a sudden,live a(an)live a(an)adjadj.lifelife 等。等。All of a sudden,she burst into tears.All of a sudden,she burst into tears.她突然哭起来。她突然哭起来。It is a waste of money to buy that expensive car.It is a waste of money to buy that expensive car.买那么贵的小汽车是浪费金钱。买那么贵的小汽车是浪费金钱。考题印证考题印
20、证(2013(2013全国改编全国改编)Four and _)Four and _half hours of discussionhalf hours of discussiontook us up to midnight,andtook us up to midnight,and _ break for cheese,chocolate_ break for cheese,chocolateand tea with sugar.and tea with sugar.解析:解析:本题考查冠词的用法。句意:四个半小时的讨论使我们到本题考查冠词的用法。句意:四个半小时的讨论使我们到了半夜,休息了一
21、会吃了点奶酪、巧克力,喝了点茶。半个小时的说了半夜,休息了一会吃了点奶酪、巧克力,喝了点茶。半个小时的说法是:法是:half an hourhalf an hour 或或 a half houra half hour。breakbreak 间歇,是单数可数名词,如间歇,是单数可数名词,如have a breakhave a break 休息一会。休息一会。答案:答案:a a;a a考点二考点二定冠词定冠词 thethe的用法的用法1 1用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等的名词前。发明物等的名词前。As is know
22、n to us,the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.As is known to us,the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.众所周知,太阳东方升起西方落下。众所周知,太阳东方升起西方落下。Bell invented the telephone in 1876.Bell invented the telephone in 1876.18761876 年贝尔发明了电话。年贝尔发明了电话。注意:注意:有些物体虽然也是独一的,但习惯上却不用冠词。有些物体虽然也是独一的,但习惯上却不用冠词
23、。spacespace太空太空naturenature自然自然manman 人类人类 考题印证考题印证(2013(2013山东改编山东改编)It was _ cold winter night and the moon)It was _ cold winter night and the moonwas shining brightly across _ night sky.was shining brightly across _ night sky.解析:解析:本题考查冠词。句意:那是一个寒冷冬天的晚上,月亮在本题考查冠词。句意:那是一个寒冷冬天的晚上,月亮在夜晚的空中闪闪发光。第一空表示
24、泛指,且夜晚的空中闪闪发光。第一空表示泛指,且 nightnight是可数名词,故用是可数名词,故用a a;skysky是独一无二的事物,故用定冠词。是独一无二的事物,故用定冠词。答案:答案:a a;thethe2 2用在序数词和形容词最高级前面。用在序数词和形容词最高级前面。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。考题印证考
25、题印证 Hi,Hi,WangWangXin!Xin!WhatWhatattractsattractsyouyousoso muchmuchinin todaystodaysJinlingEJinlingE v veningNeeningNew w s?s?Im quite impressed by _ latest news that _ seniorIm quite impressed by _ latest news that _ seniorcitizens can enjoy free fares.citizens can enjoy free fares.解析:解析:latestla
26、test 是形容词最高级,且此处表特指,前面应使用定冠是形容词最高级,且此处表特指,前面应使用定冠词;词;senior citizenssenior citizens是复数名词表示泛指,前面不用冠词。是复数名词表示泛指,前面不用冠词。答案:答案:thethe;不填;不填3 3用在乐器名词前,特别是西洋乐器。用在乐器名词前,特别是西洋乐器。My brother is playing the piano while my sister is chatting on theMy brother is playing the piano while my sister is chatting on t
27、heInternet.Internet.我哥哥在弹钢琴,而我妹妹在网上聊天。我哥哥在弹钢琴,而我妹妹在网上聊天。4 4用在表示计量的名词前,如用在表示计量的名词前,如 by the hourby the hour,by the dayby the day,by theby thedozendozen,byby thethe yardyard 等,但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前等,但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前不用冠词,如不用冠词,如 by weight/volumeby weight/volume 等。等。SurprisinglySurprisingly,in that boo
28、kstore,books are sold by the dozen.in that bookstore,books are sold by the dozen.真想不到,在那个书店里书按打卖。真想不到,在那个书店里书按打卖。Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.在大城市里,清洁工一般按小时计算薪水。在大城市里,清洁工一般按小时计算薪水。考题印证考题印证(2012(2012山东潍坊三县市上学期联考改编山
29、东潍坊三县市上学期联考改编)Tom works in a company)Tom works in a companyand gets paid by _ hour,totally 5,000and gets paid by _ hour,totally 5,000yuanyuan _ month._ month.解析:解析:“bybythethe计量单位名词计量单位名词”表示表示“按按”,by the hourby the hour表示表示“按小时按小时”,故第一空用定冠词,故第一空用定冠词 thethe;第二空处表示泛指,用不;第二空处表示泛指,用不定冠词定冠词 a a。答案:答案:the
30、the;a a5 5用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。ItItisisnotnot rarerare inin thethe 1990s1990s thatthatpeoplepeople inin theirtheirfiftiesfifties wentwent totouniversity for further education.university for further education.在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修不罕见了。在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修不罕见了。6 6用在上文已出现过或说话双方都熟悉的事
31、物前,表示特指意用在上文已出现过或说话双方都熟悉的事物前,表示特指意义。义。Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?你昨天玩得开心吗?你昨天玩得开心吗?Yes,as you know,the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.Yes,as you know,the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.是的,正如你所知,晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。是的,正如你所知,晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。考题印证考题印证 Nelso
32、n Mandela passed away on 5 December,2013,at the ageNelson Mandela passed away on 5 December,2013,at the ageof 95.of 95._ news came as _ shock to me._ news came as _ shock to me.解析:解析:句意:句意:20XX20XX 年年 1212 月月 5 5 日,日,9595 岁的曼德拉逝世。岁的曼德拉逝世。这个消息真是令人震惊的消息。由句意可知,选这个消息真是令人震惊的消息。由句意可知,选A A 项。第一空特指曼项。第一空特指曼
33、德拉逝世的消息;第二空填不定冠词,表示具体化的一件事。德拉逝世的消息;第二空填不定冠词,表示具体化的一件事。答案:答案:TheThe;a a考点三考点三零冠词的用法零冠词的用法1 1连系动词连系动词 turnturn后作表语的单数可数名词不用冠词,但名词前后作表语的单数可数名词不用冠词,但名词前若有形容词作定语时,则通常加冠词。若有形容词作定语时,则通常加冠词。Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer/became a writer.Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer/became a write
34、r.鲁迅成为作家前是医生。鲁迅成为作家前是医生。2 2as/thoughas/though引导的让步状语从句中,如果作表语的名词置于句引导的让步状语从句中,如果作表语的名词置于句首,习惯上单数名词前不用冠词。首,习惯上单数名词前不用冠词。Child as/though she is,she plays the violin perfectly.Child as/though she is,she plays the violin perfectly.尽管是个孩子,但她小提琴拉得很好。尽管是个孩子,但她小提琴拉得很好。3 3在某些独立主格结构,如“单数名词介词短语”中,名词在某些独立主格结构,如
35、“单数名词介词短语”中,名词前不用冠词。前不用冠词。He rushed into the classroom,book in hand.He rushed into the classroom,book in hand.他冲进教室,手里拿着一本书。他冲进教室,手里拿着一本书。4 4 nono 与与 suchsuch连用时应放在连用时应放在 suchsuch之前,之前,suchsuch后的名词不用冠词。后的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village.No such thing has ever happened in this v
36、illage.村子里从未发生过这种事。村子里从未发生过这种事。5 5一个兼多种身份的情况,只在第一个名词前使用冠词,其他一个兼多种身份的情况,只在第一个名词前使用冠词,其他名词前不再使用冠词,如名词前不再使用冠词,如 a clerk and writer(a clerk and writer(职员兼作家职员兼作家)。6 6称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时,同位语时,不加冠词,不加冠词,常用名词有常用名词有 kingking,presidentpresident,chairmanchairman,monitormon
37、itor,headhead 等。等。We made Tom monitor of our class.We made Tom monitor of our class.我们选汤姆当我们班的班长。我们选汤姆当我们班的班长。考题印证考题印证(2013(2013江西改编江西改编)Animals)Animals areare obviouslyobviously_ lowerlower formform ofoflife than _ man.life than _ man.解析:解析:考查冠词。句意:很明显动物是一种比人类低级的生物形考查冠词。句意:很明显动物是一种比人类低级的生物形式。式。空一用不
38、定冠词表示空一用不定冠词表示“一种一种”,manman 表示人类时,表示人类时,前面不加冠词。前面不加冠词。答案:答案:a a;不填;不填7 7冠词有无,意义不同冠词有无,意义不同在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。in hospitalin hospital 住院住院(因病因病)in the hospitalin the hospital在医院在医院(工作、参观等工作、参观等)in charge ofin charge of 负责负责in the charge ofin the charge of由负责由负责out of questionout of questi
39、on毫无疑问毫无疑问out of the questionout of the question不可能不可能 考题印证考题印证 Is the young man standing at the gate in _possession ofIs the young man standing at the gate in _possession ofthe car?the car?No.The car is in _possession of his father.No.The car is in _possession of his father.解解析析:inin possessionposs
40、essionofof“拥拥有有;占占有有”;inin thethe possessionpossessionof.of.“被被拥有拥有(占有占有)”。答案:答案:不填;不填;thethe强强 化化 训训 练练1.(20131.(2013浙江改编浙江改编)People)Peopledevelopdevelop _preferencepreferenceforfora aparticularparticularstylestyleofof learninglearningatat_earlyearlyageage andand thesethesepreferences affect learni
41、ng.preferences affect learning.答案:答案:a a;anan本题考查冠词。句意:人们在很小的时候就形成本题考查冠词。句意:人们在很小的时候就形成了对某种特定的学习方式的偏爱,并且这些偏爱会影响学习。了对某种特定的学习方式的偏爱,并且这些偏爱会影响学习。a apreference forpreference for 对的某种偏爱;对的某种偏爱;at an early ageat an early age在很小的时候,均在很小的时候,均为固定搭配。为固定搭配。2 2(2013(2013重庆改编重庆改编)The parents were shocked by _ new
42、s)The parents were shocked by _ newsthat their son needed _ operation on his knee.that their son needed _ operation on his knee.答案:答案:thethe;anan本题考查冠词。句意:这对父母听到儿子需要做本题考查冠词。句意:这对父母听到儿子需要做膝盖手术的消息很震惊。由语境可知,第一空特指“儿子膝盖要做手膝盖手术的消息很震惊。由语境可知,第一空特指“儿子膝盖要做手术的消息”,术的消息”,newsnews 前要加定冠词前要加定冠词 thethe;第二空;第二空 oper
43、ationoperation作“手术”作“手术”讲时为可数名词,此处是指“某一个手术”,前要加不定冠词讲时为可数名词,此处是指“某一个手术”,前要加不定冠词 anan。3 3Dan Brown,_ author ofDan Brown,_ author of TheDaVinciCode,TheDaVinciCode,is _is _very famous American writer.very famous American writer.答案:答案:thethe;a a句意为:丹句意为:丹 布朗,布朗,达达 芬奇密码的作者,是一芬奇密码的作者,是一位非常著名的美国作家。根据语境可知,第一
44、空位非常著名的美国作家。根据语境可知,第一空 authorauthor后有后有 ofof短语短语作定语,故表示的是特指,应用定冠词作定语,故表示的是特指,应用定冠词thethe;而第二空表示的是泛指,;而第二空表示的是泛指,意为“一位”,应用不定冠词意为“一位”,应用不定冠词a a。4 4It was hard work,but completing it gave me _ deepIt was hard work,but completing it gave me _ deepsense of satisfaction.sense of satisfaction.答案:答案:a a句意为:
45、这份工作不好做,但完成它给我带来了深深句意为:这份工作不好做,但完成它给我带来了深深的满足感。的满足感。a a sensesenseofof意为“一种感”,为固定搭配。意为“一种感”,为固定搭配。a a sensesenseofofsatisfactionsatisfaction意为“满足感”,符合语境。意为“满足感”,符合语境。5 5There is no point_(persuade)him to give up computerThere is no point_(persuade)him to give up computergames.games.答案:答案:(in)persuad
46、ing(in)persuading 句意为:句意为:想要说服他放弃电脑游戏是没有想要说服他放弃电脑游戏是没有意义的。意义的。there is no point in doing sth.there is no point in doing sth.意为“做某事毫无意义,意为“做某事毫无意义,毫无作毫无作用”。用”。6 6Oh,my God!There was _ earthquake in ShenyangOh,my God!There was _ earthquake in Shenyangon January 23.on January 23.Really?I was there,but
47、I didnt feel _ earthquake atReally?I was there,but I didnt feel _ earthquake atall.all.答案:答案:anan;thethe句意为:句意为:哦,我的天呀!哦,我的天呀!1 1 月月 2323 日沈阳发日沈阳发生了地震。生了地震。真的吗?我当时也在那,但是我根本没有感觉到有地真的吗?我当时也在那,但是我根本没有感觉到有地震。震。第一空后的第一空后的 earthquakeearthquake是可数名词,是可数名词,泛指一次地震,泛指一次地震,用不定冠词;用不定冠词;第二空后的第二空后的 earthquakeeart
48、hquake第二次出现,且表示第二次出现,且表示 1 1 月月 2323 日的那次地震,日的那次地震,应用定冠词,表示特指。应用定冠词,表示特指。7 7 UsuallyUsually youryour stylestyleofof dressingdressing cancan bebe regardedregarded asas a a_(reflect)of your character._(reflect)of your character.答案:答案:reflectionreflection句意为:通常你穿衣的风格反映句意为:通常你穿衣的风格反映(reflection)(reflect
49、ion)了了你的个性。你的个性。8 8LastLast Sunday,Sunday,wewe tooktook _ guidedguided walkwalk aroundaround byby_ signs of the famous town._ signs of the famous town.答案:答案:a a;thethe句意为:上周末,我们在向导的陪同下,去那个句意为:上周末,我们在向导的陪同下,去那个城镇著名的景点转了一圈。城镇著名的景点转了一圈。have/takehave/takea a walkwalk 意为“散步”,为固定意为“散步”,为固定短语,故第一空应用不定冠词短语,
50、故第一空应用不定冠词 a a;第二空由于;第二空由于 signssigns后有定语后有定语 ofof thethefamous townfamous town 修饰限定,因此其前应用定冠词修饰限定,因此其前应用定冠词 thethe,表特指。,表特指。9 9(2013(2013哈尔滨市质检,哈尔滨市质检,2626 改编改编)For years,scientists have been)For years,scientists have beenworriedworried aboutabout thethe _(affect)_(affect)ofof airair pollutionpollu