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1、专题15 语法填空之说明文 序号内容Part 1题型总览题型综述 技巧点拨Part 2真题感悟真题详解 强重难词 析长难句.Part 3专题强化真题自测 新题模拟Part 1题型总览【题型综述】语法填空是近年来高考英语推出的一种新题型。在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。【技巧点拨】从词性方面来说，在做语法填空题时应该注意：1. 名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、
2、复数、所有格的变化。2. 动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气)，有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。3. 代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如noonenone、otheranother等。4. 形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀一er和est，或在词前Imoreless和mostleast，且形容词的最高级还要冠以the。5.
3、数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀一teen、ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及onetwo的特殊变化形式oncetwice从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得ahalf，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。6. 词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。7. 固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的
4、几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。8. 从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。9. 短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。10. 短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语，如：exceptfor，dueto等。11. 连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while等，常用的关联短语有bothand.，eitheror.，neithernor.，notonlybutalso.等。12. 冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断
5、；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等。13. 上下文中出现的相关词。这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的地方上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；Part 2真题感悟Passage 1【真题详解】【2020全国新课标I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形
6、式。China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Change-4 probe (探测器) - the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moons far side is 62 (extreme) challenging. Bec
7、ause the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep crat
8、ers (环形山)， more so 65 the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. This really excites scientists, Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to ob
9、tain information about how the moon 68 (construct) Data about the moons composition, such as how 69 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70 (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.【答案】61touched62extremely63where64interest65than66to find67means68is const
10、ructed69much70its【解析】这是一篇说明文。中国成为第一个将航天器降落在月球背面的国家，文章主要介绍了中国无人月球探测器嫦娥四号发射的意义。61考查时态。句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week可知应使用一般过去时，故填touched。62考查副词。句意：登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词challenging，应使用extreme的副词形式，故填extremely。63考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球
11、发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。64考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。65考查介词。句意：因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级more so可知，此处填介词than，表示“比更”。故填than。66考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此
12、处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。67考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处也使用一般现在时，主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means，故填means。68考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon
13、是单数，故填is constructed。69考查形容词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少水和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。ice是不可数名词，应使用much修饰，故填much。70考查代词。句意同上。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。【强重难词】1. spacecraft n. 航 宇宙飞船，航天器2. unmanned adj. 无人的；无人操纵的3. probe n.探测器4. instruments n. 仪 仪器（instrument的复数）；5. composition n. 作文，作曲，作品；材 构成；合
14、成物；成分【析长难句】1. China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. 【解析】本句中的 to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.是动词不定式短语做后置定语，修饰 the first country。【译文】中国成为第一个在月球背面着陆航天器的国家。【仿写】_2. The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it
15、 has a lot of deep craters (环形山)， more so than the familiar near side. 【解析】本句是主从复合句， because引导原因状语从句；在主句中，The far side of the moon 做主语，of particular interest 做表语。【译文】.月球的远端是特别感兴趣的科学家,因为它有很多深坑(环形山),比我们熟悉的多。【仿写】_Passage 2【真题详解】【2020全国新课标II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Deorating with Plants, Fruits
16、and Flowers for Chinese New YearChinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 62 (carry) special significance. They represent the earth 63 (come) back to life and best wishes for new begin
17、nings.These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country:Oranges: Orange trees are more 64 decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth. They make great gifs and you see them many times 65 (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.Bamboo: Chinese love their
18、“Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office. 66 (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. Bamboo plants are associated 67 health, abundance and a happy home. They are easy 68 (care) for and make great presents.Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The 69 (b
19、eauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. The plum trees are 70 first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.【答案】61celebration62carries63coming64than65Decorated66Certainly67with68to care69beauti
20、ful70the【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用一些植物、水果和鲜花装饰中国新年的寓意。61考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。62考查主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。63考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth与com
21、e back to之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填coming。64考查短语。句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品；more than不仅仅，不只是。故填than。65考查非谓语动词。句意：它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。句中them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填decorated。66考查副词。句意：当然在假期期间，这种植物是绝对必要的事物。介词短语做时间状语，因此只有改变成副词才能复合句子结构，用副词形式做状语。故填Certainly。67考查短语。句意：竹类植物与健康、富足和幸福的家庭
22、联系在一起。be associated with与相联系。故填with。68考查非谓语动词。句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。这里考查“be +形容词 + to do”结构。故填to care。69考查形容词。句意：美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾，做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词branches，用形容词形式。故填beautiful。70考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。【强重难词】1. be decorated with 被装饰2. significance 意义，影响3. represent v.代表4. a
23、symbol of 什么的象征5. abundance n.丰富；充足6. make fantastic decorations做很好的装饰7. a renewal of life.一种全新的生活【析长难句】1. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers carries special significance. . 【解析】本句是主从复合句，This is why.是“这就是。的原因”，why引导表语从句。【译文】这就是为什么用植物、水果和花朵来装饰具有特殊的意义。【仿写】_2. They are easy to care
24、for and make great presents.【解析】句中的They是主语，easy是表语，to care for and make great presents.做状语，是主动形式表示被动意义。【译文】它们很容易照顾，也可以被制成很好的礼物。【仿写】_Part 3专题强化Passage 1【真题自测】【2020浙江卷】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56 ，t
25、hrough agriculture. Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 57 could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.Farming produced more food per person 58 hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children. And，as more chi
26、ldren were born，more food 59(need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60(change)lives.By about 6000 BC，people 61 (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later，they learned to work with the 62 (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，
27、 63 (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with 64 rise of science，changes began. New methods 65 (mean)that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artif
28、icial fertilizers(化肥)have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.【答案】56 in57what58than59was needed60to change61had discovered62seasons63making64the65meant.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了农业的发展历史。56考查介词。句意：公元前10000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“they lived _”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句，
29、定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world. live in+名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。57考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。58考查固定搭配。句意：农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知，此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比，应用比较连词than。more than，意为“比更”故填than。59考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小
30、孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food为不可数名词。故填was needed。60考查非谓语动词。句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子，简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意，此处需用不定式作定语。故填to change。61考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by + 过去时间 译为“
31、到为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered.62考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。63考查非谓语动词。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，make所处的分句中无主语，故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式（doing）形式做状语。故填making。64考查定冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。wit
32、h the rise of 译为“随着.的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。65考查时态。句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。分析句子，主句部分无其他动词，故此处需填时态。文章的整体时态是过去时，根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填过去时的主动形式。故填meant。Passage 2【真题自测】【2020山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国卷)】阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or ant
33、iques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 36 (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37 until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example,
34、38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museums collection 41 (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.Many museums are lively places and they att
35、ract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine 42 (they) living at a different time in history or 43(walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the citys Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sigh
36、ts, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 44 (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete 45peoples spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.【答案】36wealthy37or38formed39which/that40
37、are called41is42themselves43walking44accuracy45for【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了博物馆藏品的来源及博物馆给人们带来的好处和面临的挑战。36考查形容词。句意:在18和19世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史物品和艺术品。此处修饰名词people，应使用形容词，做定语。故填wealthy。37考查连词。句意:他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词or:或者。故填or。38考查动词时态。句意:例如，汉斯斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博
38、物馆的核心藏品。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in1759可知，应使用一般过去时。故填formed。39考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。40考查动词时态及语态。句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观使用，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填are called。41考查主谓一致。句意:通常，博物馆只展出一小部
39、分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museums collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。42考查反身代词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为”他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。43考查非谓语动词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时
40、期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处与living是并列成分，共同做imagine的宾补，imagine sb. doing sth.”想象某人做某事”。故填walking。44考查名词。句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为”历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。45考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for，意为:”为了竞争”。故填for。Passage 3【新题模拟】【宁夏石嘴山市第三中学2021届高三上学期期末英语试题】In ancient times, our
41、ancestors relied on stars to guide them 61 a clear night. Today, with the help of Beidou Navigation Satellite System(BDS), 62 entirely built by Chinese engineers, we Chinese can easily find our way.The BDS is one of four global navigation 63 (network), along with the United States GPS, Russias GLONA
42、SS and the European Unions Galileo. With the last satellite launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on June 23, the global network of 59 satellites 64 (complete) since then. On July 31, Beidou started providing full-scale global services. Its difficult to imagine the great effect which tho
43、se satellites have on our daily lives. This year, Hello bike, a popular bike-sharing company came out with two new bike models 65 (equip) with the positioning service. Users can find shared bikes more accurately thanks to Beidous global positioning accuracy of 2.34 meters.As the 66 (large) space-bas
44、ed system in China, Beidou adopts a unique two-way communication system, including its ability 67 (receive) messages sent by people from areas with poor signals. 68 (obvious), this exclusive function isnt designed for users to chat online. Instead, it plays 69 important role when terrible disasters
45、occur and ground-based communications are blocked. As Sun Jiadong, former chief designer of the BDS, put it:“The application of Beidou is only limited by 70 (imagine).”【答案】61. on62. which63. networks64. has been completed65.equipped 66. largest 67. to receive 68. Obviously 69. an 70. imaginationPassage 4【新题模拟】【辽宁省五校联考2020-2021学年高三上学期期末英语试题】Wild animals are returning to their natural homes in _36_ (variety) areas, as human beings lock _37_ (them) up due to the policies in light of COVID-19. Fo