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1、上海交通大学 硕士学位论文 上海奉贤土壤环境中重金属及其形态与土壤理化特性相关性研 究 姓名：毛小慧 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：农业生物环境与能源工程 指导教师：何明 20051201 上海奉贤土壤环境中重金属及其形态解析 及其与土壤理化性质相关性研究 摘要 木论文以上海市奉贤区（青村、光明、星火等 3镇）的农业丄 壤为研究对象，在调查了土壌物埋化生物学性质的基础上，利用强 酸消化法和连续分级提取法分别对土壤重金属总量及其形态进行了 测定与分析，并通过多元逐步回 id分析法揭示了土壤理化生物学性 质与土壤重金属总量及其形态之间的相关性，同时结合上述结果， 弄清了土壤环境屮重金属的行为对土壤理化
2、性质的影响规律 ，为丄 壤重金属污染机理的研究及其修复技术的开发提供了理论依据。 土壤埋化生物学性质的调查表明，该 E土壤 为粉 （砂）壤土， 适合进行农业生产； pH值在 645-8.05之间，属中性偏碱土壤； 电 导率值大于 0.6 dS/m， 但无（次生 ） 盐渍化之忧； 丄 壤有机质和总 氮量分别为 26.70和 1.4 g/kg， 土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量丰富 ，均 高于上海地区的平均水平。表层土微生 物量远大于底层土，有利于 有机质积累及团粒结构的形成。 土壤里金属总量及其 形态的 分析结果表明，多数上壤重金属含 量虽高于上海地区土壤元素背景值，但都低于土壤环境质量标准 (GB15
3、618 -1995)二 级标准，基本上不会对食用作物和栽培环境造成 危害和污染，可以保障正常的农业生产。表层土屮重金属总量及其 形态大于底层土，但差异不显著，说明重金属迁移性差。铁锰氧化 物结合态重金属在其总量屮所占为 7-41%;有机结合态为 7-34%; 残留态為 30%;虽然 |丨 交换态和碳酸盐结合态为彡 10%， 但其易转 化为游离态，应引起重视。 重金属总量之 间的相 关性较为拔著，如 Ni总量与 Cd和 Pb总 量呈极敁著正相关； Zii总量与 Cu、 Cr及 Cd总量呈正相关。此 外， 重金属总量与其形态间呈显著正相关 ，如 Cu和 Zn的 总量与其相应 形态呈正相关。这些结果
4、说明，土壤环境屮重金属之间可能存在较 强的协同作用关系，其含量一旦增加，可能引起复合污染。囚 此， 在预防、监测及修复时，应考虑其相互间 的转化 和协同关系。 重金属总量与上壌性质的相关性分析可知，底层土 Pb与粘粒含 量和硅铝铁比呈显著正 相关； Cr与 pH呈显著负相关， Cu与有机质 和速效磷呈正相关； 此外， 表层土 Cu和 Cd总量与真菌数呈极显著 负相关； Pb总量与细菌呈正相关；底层土 Cu总量与放线菌数，Cd 总量与微生物总数呈显著负和关。因此，采取有效措施调节土壤环 境条件，川明显抑制重金属活性。 重金属形态与土壤性质的相关性分析表明，重金属形态与理化 特性有较好相关性。表层
5、土有机结合态 Cu与有机质、全氮、速效 磷相关性显著；底层土有机结合态 Pb与粘粒含量和硅铝铁比呈正相 关 此外 ，可交换态、有机结合态及残留态 多数重金属的形态与土壤微生物量呈 M著甚至极显著负相关。可 见， 重金属对土壤微生物活性的影响是十分明显的。 由 上可知，土壤重金属总量及其形态受土壤环境多因素的影响， 特别是土壤有机质，粘粒含量， pH值等。因此，调节土壤环境条件 对土壌重金属监测及修复具有重大意义。 关键词 ：上海奉贤，土壤理化性质，重金属总量，重金属形态， 多元逐步回归分析相关性解析 V111 THE CORRELATION OF HEAVY METALS9 FRACTIONS
6、 IN SOILS WITH PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS IN FENGXIAN, SHANGHAI ABSTRACT With the development of Shanghai agriculture, more and more concern has been given on the research of the heavy metals5 in soil. Here, an approach to the correlation of heavy metals total content and fractions wi
7、th soil soil characteristics has been conducted to the agricultural soils in Fengxian, Shanghai (including Qingcun, Guangming and Xinghuo Towns). Based on the investigation of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristcs of soils, the total content and fractions of heavy metals in soils wer
8、e analyzed using the methods of strong acid digestion and sequential extraction, and the correlations between the physico-chemical characteristics of soils, and the total content of heavy metals in soils were revealed by stepwise regression multianalysis, and the impact factors on the total content
9、and fractions of heavy metals in soils were clarefied. These results would offer theoretical guide for the studies on the pollution mechanisms and habititaltion technologies by heavy metals in soils. The research of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils indicated; The soil in this area w
10、as silt (sandy) loam, pH value was between 6.45-8.05, indicating that the soils trended from neutral to alkaline; EC value was over 0.6 dS/m; the average content of organic matter and total nitrogen in soils was 26.70 and 1.4 g/kg respectively; available phosphorus and were rich in soils was higher
11、than the average level in Shanghai. The analysis of the total content and fractions of heavy metals showed: total content of heavy metals in most soils was higher than the soil background value in Shanghai, but lower than the secondary standard according to the “The Quality Standards of Soil Environ
12、ment” ( GB15618-1995), without any harm and pollution to the cultivation environment for plants. Thus, the soils were suitable to agricultural production. Total content and fractions of heavy metals at the top soils were higher than at the sub soils. TEheexatfoangfeadakdoos to total content for heav
13、y metals were garb%nate-bBe/id heavy metals Mn oxides-combined heavy metals 7- ffll)%rganic matter-associated metals 7-34%; ) residual heavy metals 30%. The corelation among total content of heavy metals was significant. Total Ni was extremely significant positively corelated to Total Cd and Total P
14、b; Total Zn was positively corelated to Total Cu, Total Cr and Total Cd. Total content of heavy metals was outstandingly positively corelated to their fractions, for example, Total Cu and Total Zn was positively corelated to all the fractions of them. The result showed that the heavy metals were hig
15、hly cooperated with each other, therefore, they should be monitored with the multielement and multiaspect no matter in the treatment or prevention of them. The analysis of the corelation between total content of heavy metals and soil characteristcs indicated: Total Pb on the bottom layer had an sign
16、ificant positive corelation with Clay and Saf; Total Cr had an outstanding negative corelation with pH; Cu had a positive corelation with OM and avP respectively; Total Cu and Cd on the surface layer had an significant negative corelation with the amounts of epiphyte in the soil; Cu on the bottom la
17、yer of the soil had an outstanding negative corelation with the amounts of actinobacteria, Cd and the total amounts of the microorganisms, but the content of Pb had a positive relativity with the amounts of bacteria. The corelation between the fractions of heavy metals and the characteristcs of the
18、soil indicated: the fractions of heavy metals were more corelated to the physicochemical characteristcs on the sub layer of soils. It could be concluded that organic matter-associated Cu on the top layer of soils was corelated to OM、 total nitrogen and avP; organic matter-associated Pb on the sub la
19、yer of soils were positively corelated to sand、 silt and Saf, negatively corelated to Fe203; Cr which was exchangeable, organic matter-associated and residual or Zn carbonate-bound and residual were significant negatively corelated to pH value, however, Cd and Pb which was residual was positively co
20、related to the value of pH; Total content of heavy metals had an significant or extremely significant negative corelation with the total amounts of the microorganisms in the soil; however, Pb and Zn had a positive relativity with the total amounts of the bacteria or other kinds of microorganisms. KE
21、Y WORDS: correlation analysis, Fengxian in Shanghai, physico-chemical characteristcs of soils, stepwise regression multianalysis, total content and fractions of heavy metals, 本项目得到下列项目资助 1、 上海市科委基础研究重点项目 （ 02DJ14046) 2、 上海市科技兴农重点攻关项目 （ 2001-5-18) 术语和缩略语表 术语和缩略语 英文全称 中文全称 Sy Sandy 砂粒 St Silt 粉粒 Cy Cl
22、ay 粘粒 Saf SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) 娃铝铁比 EC Electrical conductivity 电导率 ESP Exchangeable sodium percentage 碱化度 BSP Base saturation percentage 盐基饱和度 CEC Cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换容量 OM Organic matter 有机质 T-N Total nitrogen 总氮 avP Available phosphorus 速效磷 avK Available potassium 速效钾 B Bacteria 细菌 A Actin
23、obacteria 放线菌 E Epiphyte 真菌 T Totals numbers of microorganism 微生物总量 上海交通大学 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下， 独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外， 本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式 标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名：毛小慧 日期： 2006年 01月 05日 上海交通大学 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定， 同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子 版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权上海交通大学可以将本学位 论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、 缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 保密 ，在 _ 年解密后适用本授权书。 本学位论文属于 不保密 V。 (请在以上方框内打 “ V” ） 学位论文作者签名：毛小慧 指导教师签名：何明 日期 ： 2006年 01月 05日 日期 2006年 01月 05日