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1、 独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于状语从句状语从句，多，多用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。1表示时间：表示时间： Spring coming on, the trees turned green. Our work having been finished, we w
2、ent home. The signal given, the bus started. The meeting (being) over, we left the room.2表示原因：表示原因： It being Sunday, the library was closed. The weather being fine, we went for a walk. There being no buses, we had to walk home. The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 3表示条件：表示条件： Time
3、 permitting, well visit the Summer Palace. Weather permitting, they will start at six tomorrow morning.4表示伴随情况或补充说明表示伴随情况或补充说明： Last night I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand. The children were making a snowman, hands red with the cold. I have bought a new coat, the old one being worn
4、 out. 独立主格结构的形式：独立主格结构的形式： 名词或代词名词或代词+分词（分词（doingdone)1).Weather permitting,well go sightseeing.2).All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.3).He lay on his back,his teeth set,his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward. 名词或代词名词或代词+不定式不定式
5、The exam to be held tomorrow,I couldnt go to the cinema tonight.不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表示示“企图企图” “约定约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做等，指的是按计划安排要做的事的事。 名词或代词名词或代词+形容词形容词副词副词 1).He entered the room,his nose(being) red with cold. 2).Our lessons (being )over,we went to play football. 3).It being Sunday,
6、I didnt go to school. 名词或代词名词或代词+介词短语介词短语1).The children came running towards us,(with) flowers in their hands.2).Last night I followed him here,and climbed in, sword in hand. 名词或代词名词或代词+名词名词He fount the robber ,a stick his only weapon. 表示存在时，也可以构成独立主格结构表示存在时，也可以构成独立主格结构1). There being no buses,they
7、 walked to the theatre.2).There being no cause for fear,he returned to his hometown.1with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes.2with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 过去分词过去分词 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. With the w
8、ork finished, all of us went out for a walk. 介词介词+复合宾语（介词复合宾语（介词+宾语宾语+宾补）宾补） with (without like) 复合结构复合结构3with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 动词不定式动词不定式 I cant go out with all these dishes to wash. With so many books to read, I couldnt go out with you4with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 介词短语介词短语 He walked along with his hat
9、on the back of his head. He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face. 5with +名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+形容词形容词 The man was sleeping with the window open.The mother doesnt allow her child to talk with his mouth full. 6with +名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+副词副词 With John away, weve got more room. The student
10、 listened to his teacher with his head down. With the teacher there, he cant write. without like +复合宾语复合宾语 Without a word more spoken,he left the room. The old pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance.1作状语作状语 表示伴随情况、原因、条件、时间或补充说明：表示伴随情况、原因、条件、时间或补充说明： The day is bright, wit
11、h a fresh breeze blowing. With three people away ill, well have to close the office this afternoon. What a lonely world it would be with you away.2作定语（作定语（with相当于相当于having,该结构可改成带有该结构可改成带有have的的定语从句）定语从句） The new building with its windows facing south is our office. Some were poor, with not even a raincoat to protect them from the weather. The young man wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest.