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1、高考英语语法复习高考英语语法复习非非 谓谓 语语 动动 词词非谓语不定式（不定式（to do)to do)分词分词动名词动名词(-ing)过去分词过去分词(-ed)现在分词现在分词(-ing)- ing - ing 分词分词-ed-ed 分词分词非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别 顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或利用一些利用一些“ “ 貌合神离貌合神离” ” 的手段，加大考生辨的手段
2、，加大考生辨别非谓语动词的难度。别非谓语动词的难度。 一个句子通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓一个句子通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓语动词，语动词， 除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现在主从复合或并列句中；一个句子也不可能无在主从复合或并列句中；一个句子也不可能无谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。例例 At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）上海） A
3、. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat解析：解析： 此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即 或项，而或项，而andand实际上作为并列连词并列的实际上作为并列连词并列的 是是found及及sat两个动作，而非并列两个动作，而非并列providing与与 sitting. .D例例 Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D.
4、 buying解析解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为此题学生最易错选的答案为或。依据或。依据上面陈述，填入或句子都有两个谓语动词，上面陈述，填入或句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为，bought through a computer为一过去分词为一过去分词短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语can be lower than。当然此题如改为。当然此题如改为Prices of daily goods which have be
5、en bought through也是正也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。B考点归纳一：非谓语动词的时态、语态形式考点归纳一：非谓语动词的时态、语态形式 不定式不定式 主动主动 被动被动 一般式一般式 to do 完成式完成式 进行式进行式 分词分词主动主动被动被动一般式一般式 doing 完成式完成式 过去分词只有一种形式：过去分词只有一种形式：done to be doneto have doneto have been doneto be doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done1.They went the
6、re _ (visit) their teacher.2.The students pretended _(do) their homework when the teacher came in.3.Im sorry _(give) you so much trouble.4._ (not receive) an answer, I wrote to him again.5.They stood by the roadside _ (talk) about the plan.6._ (give) an emergency treatment, the patient was out of da
7、nger.7.The teacher entered the room, _ (follow) by the students.to visit to be doing to have given Not having received talkingHaving been given followed 说明：说明： 非谓语表示的动作非谓语表示的动作 非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词的形式在谓语表示的动作之后在谓语表示的动作之后与谓语表示的动作同时与谓语表示的动作同时发生发生在谓语表示的动作之前在谓语表示的动作之前to do doing 或或to be doing to have done 或或ha
8、ving done不定式和分词的完成被动式则表示动作的完成和被动，及不定式和分词的完成被动式则表示动作的完成和被动，及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成, , 个别动词个别动词的过去分词只表示完成的过去分词只表示完成( (多数为不及物动词多数为不及物动词) ) 考点归纳一：考点归纳一：非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语 1. 能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的 区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比 较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。
9、动名词作主语较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it it 作形式主语放在句首。作形式主语放在句首。 1) Smoking is prohibited here. 2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 3) Collecting information is very important to business men. 4) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.( (抽象抽象)
10、)( (具体具体) )1). To make a plan first is a good idea. = It is a good idea to make a plan first. 2). It takes three hours to walk there. Note : What a pleasure it is to work with them! How relaxing it is to bathe in the sun on the sand!It is possible for him to master the art of speaking.It was careles
11、s of him to break the coffee cup.= He was careless to break the coffee cup.2. 2. 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is/was no use/goodnot any use/goodof little use/gooduseless+doing sth.It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is of little good staying up too late eve
12、ry day. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, , 应保持形式应保持形式 上的一致。上的一致。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 1). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have B. Having had C. Have D. Having 2). In fact _ is a hard job for the police to keep order i
13、n an important match. A. this B. that C. there D. it DD考点归纳二：非谓语动词作宾补和主补考点归纳二：非谓语动词作宾补和主补1) Walking along the river, we heard someone _ for help. A. shouting B. shout C. shouted D. having shouted 2) When she returned home, she found the window open and something _. A. to steal B. losing C. missed D.
14、 stolen 3) My teacher told me _ so careless. A. not be B. dont to be C. not to be D. wont beADC4) Children should be allowed _ their own decisions. A. making B. to make C. make D. having made能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语动词有动词有不定式，现在分词，过去分词不定式，现在分词，过去分词，用哪，用哪种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的
15、句型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。 B My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 1. 1.能接带能接带toto的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补 足语的动词有：足语的动词有： ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, e
16、xpect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order, warn, cause等，等，表示宾语或主语执行表示宾语或主语执行 不定式的动作（具有不定式的动作（具有“主动主动”的意义），而且的意义），而且不定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后不定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后（具有（具有“ 将来将来”的意义）。的意义）。D2.2. 使役动词，感官动词能接不带使役动词，感官动词能接不带to to 的不定式作的不定式作 宾语补足语和带宾语补足语和带toto的不定式作主语补足语。的不定式作主语补足语。 常见的使役动词有常见的使役动词有make, let
17、, have等；等； 感官感官 动词有动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel 以及以及look at, listen to等。等。 Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning B感官动词感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等和使役动词等和使役动词have后面的宾补后面的宾补有三种形式，即：有三种形式，即： do see sb
18、./sth. doing doneleave sb. doing sthleave sth. undoneleave sb. to do sth.leave sth to be done 让某人一直做某事让某人一直做某事留下某事未做留下某事未做留下某人做某事留下某人做某事留下某事要做留下某事要做（不定式表将来的动作）（不定式表将来的动作） get to do /doing/ done 3. 有些动词如有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也等也 可跟可跟“宾语宾语 + to be”的
19、形式，使用中应注意。的形式，使用中应注意。 We found him (to be ) dishonest. We all know him to be dead. We _ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer. A. accept B. receive C. think D. regardC3. 3. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。的意义不同。 I heard her _( sing) an English song just now. I heard her _ (sing) an English son
20、g when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _( sing) many times. 接不定式时，表示动作发生的全过程；接现在分词接不定式时，表示动作发生的全过程；接现在分词 时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的 动作；接过去分词时，表被动或完成。动作；接过去分词时，表被动或完成。 I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. I was surprised to find my hometown
21、 changed so much. singsingingsung（状态）（状态）（完成）（完成）Exercise: They should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained. The missing boy were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play DA In the dream
22、 Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start. A. chased B. to be chased C. be chased D. having been chased There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. waitAC 考点归纳三：非谓语动词作定语考点归纳三：非谓语
23、动词作定语 不定式、动名词和分词不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。1.1. 不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关动宾关 系系”, , 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受 者者; ; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式 动词后加上相应的介词。动词后加上相应的介词。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. He was the last
24、one to leave school yesterday. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 不定式作定语的三种情况。不定式作定语的三种情况。 1. have, there be, with 表示有某事要做之意，后面的名表示有某事要做之意，后面的名词常用不定式作定语。词常用不定式作定语。 Have you got anything to say? With nothing to do, he went home. There is nothing for us to think about. 2. 以不定式做定语修饰含序数词的名词
25、，有时序数词后以不定式做定语修饰含序数词的名词，有时序数词后的名词可以省略。的名词可以省略。 She was the first/last (person) to think of the idea. 3. 一些名词（一些名词（right, chance, opportunity, plan, ability, plan, attempt, wish, desire等等)常用不定式做定语。常用不定式做定语。 In the past, women had no right to vote.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以
26、用主动语定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。1). Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything _(take) to your son? 2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything _(take) to your son? to be takento take2. 现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关主谓关系系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词，即现在分词用主
27、动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修 饰的名词正在承受其动作饰的名词正在承受其动作( (即与名词是动宾关系即与名词是动宾关系) ) Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise. The factory making (= that makes) such tools is a small one run by Tom.They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. Barking d
28、ogs seldom bite. The building being built will be completed next year. （=who are playing)3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：The question _ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite
29、 importance.The question _ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.discussedbeing discussedto be discussed 过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系动宾关系”，表，表 示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。 Some of the e
30、xperiments _ in the book are easy to perform. A. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher learning_ in China. A. established B. being established C. to be established D .having been established CAExercise:1). The w
31、ild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert. A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover. 2). There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added 3). The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the pa
32、rty that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. being recorded ADA 4). He was the last one _(come) to my birthday party, and said he had nothing valuable _ (send) to me.5)The English exam is not difficult, is it?_. Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; bel
33、onged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging6). The travel plan _(discuss) tomorrow is very important for each of the tourists.Cto cometo sendto be discussed6). The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 7). A m
34、an is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted 该题的谓语动词是该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香闻起来很香”用来作定用来作定语修饰主语语修饰主语 flowers。“谋杀谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。BC考点归纳五：考查非谓语动词作宾语考点归纳五：考查非谓语动词作宾语 不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。 1.
35、有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： want, wish, hope, manage, demand, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree, expect等。等。 I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded A2. 2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如有些动词后只
36、跟动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, deny. 1) I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stoppin
37、g C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 2) He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostCB 3. 3.有些动词如有些动词如start, continue后既可以跟不定式后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别。 但但love, like, hate, prefer后接动名
38、词表示经后接动名词表示经常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。 1). I like _ very much, but I dont like _ this afternoon. A. swimming, swimming B. to swim, to swim C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming C2). Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking但
39、要注意但要注意: : 如果如果like, love, prefer前有前有would/ should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。后面则应该接动词不定式。 Id like to go swimming this weekend. A4 4. 既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语, ,但不定但不定 式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。 句子的意思没有差别。句子的意思没有差别。但句子但句子的的主语一般是主语一般是 一表物的名词或代词。一表物的名词或代词。这类动词主要有：这类动词主要有： want、need、require等。等。1)
40、 Your watch needs repairing / to be repaired.2) The windows need painting again / to be painted again.5. 1). If you think treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again. A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting 2). When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the
41、 party, but not _. A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave 有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾 语，但意义上有区别。如语，但意义上有区别。如forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try, go on, cant help等。等。 DC6. 1). I have no choice but _ (accept)the fact. 2). Isnt it
42、time you got down to _ the papers? A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 3). Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able 介词后接动名词作宾语。介词后接动名词作宾语。DCto accept考点归纳六：非谓语动词作状语考点归纳六：非谓语动词作状语
43、 能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。1 1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen. （结果状语）（结果状语） To make himself heard, he raised his voice. （目的状语）（目的状语） All of us are surprised to see his rapid progres
44、s. ( (原因状语原因状语) ) 不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句末多作原因状语，结果状语。末多作原因状语，结果状语。Im too tired to walk any further tonight.He went home only to find his house broken into.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.He is old enough to go to school.After that day they were separated, never to see each oth
45、er again.结果状语结果状语结果状语结果状语结果状语结果状语结果状语结果状语2 2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步：让步： 1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （条件状语）（条件状语） 2). Coming into the room, he found his father angry. （时间状语）（时间状语） 3). Being tired, they went on working. 4). Having been hit by the big boy on the no
46、se, the little boy began to cry. 5). He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. （让步状语）（让步状语）（原因状语）（原因状语）（伴随状语）（伴随状语）3. .分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题1). When _(heat)， water will be changed into vapour. While _ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour. 2) _(see) from t
47、he hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful. 3) Generally speaking, when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. If _(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon. heatedheatingSeenSeeing takentaking 分词作状
48、语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。从句。 1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问
49、题，在试题中关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中 可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。 FTT(True or false)Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? A. they found many mistakes in the report B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report D. the report is full of mistakes试题分析：试题分析：
50、这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a hurry, , 试题的答案不言自明。试题的答案不言自明。D3). _