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1、 妒 位 代 码 10445 学 号 2008020606 分类号 1106 研究生类别 全 R制硕卜 山先私轧 A 尋 硕 士 学 位 论 文 论文题目 ： An Ecofeminist Reading of Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter 霍桑红字的生态女性主义解读 学科专业名称 英语语言文学 申 请 人 姓名 景小丽 指导教师 张 京 生 教授 论文提交时间 2011 年 6 月 8 日 An Ecofeminist Reading of Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter By Jing Xiaoli Supervisor: Prof
2、. Zhang Jingsheng A Thesis Submitted to the English Department of the Foreign Language School in Candidacy for the Masters Degree of Arts Shandong Normal University Jinan, Shandong, China June, 2011 独创声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的 研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特 别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其 他人己经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 _
3、(注：如 没有其他需要特别声明的，本栏可空）或其他教宵机构的学位或证书使用过的材 料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明 并表示谢意。 学位论文作者签名 ： f $ 导师签字 : 学 位 论 文版 权 使用授 权 书 本学位论文作者完全了解 学校 有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，打权保留 并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被 S 阅和借阅。本 人授权以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以 采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。（保密的学位论文在解 密后适用本授权书） 学位论文作者签名： 4、 f. 导师签字： 签字
4、 R 期： 丨 I 年 6 / 1 g 円 签字 n 期：於丨 f 年 。 I Abstract. Contents 鮮 . iii Introduction . 1 Chapter One Theory of Ecofeminism . 7 1.1 . The Rise and Development of Ecofeminism . 7 1.2 . The Connotation and Basic Theory of Ecofeminism . 9 1.3 The Ecofeminist Literary Criticism . 13 Chapter Two The Formation
5、of Hawthornes Ecofeminist Consciousness . 15 2.1 Hawthornes Affinity with Women . 15 2.2 Hawthornes Affinity with Nature . 17 2.3 Hawthornes Accusation of Society . 19 Chapter Three Ecofeminism Embodied in The Scarlet Letter . 25 3.1 The Interconnection between Women and Nature . 25 3.1.1 Hester9s E
6、xperience with Seasonal Change . 27 3.1.2 Nature and Pearl . 32 3.2 Oppression to Women and Nature from Patriarchy . 35 3.2.1 Mens Subjugation to Nature . 36 3.2 .2 Mens Subjugation to Women . 40 3.2.3 Nature and Witch Hunts . 42 Chapter Four Longing for a Harmonious Relationship among Women, Nature
7、 and Men. 45 4.1 The Ideal Relation among Nature, Women and Men . 45 4.2 The Ideal Relation between Nature and Men . 48 Conclusion . 53 Bibliography . 55 Acknowledgements . 60 Publications . 61 Abstract Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most influential writers in American literature in 19th century
8、. His creation mainly takes New England of Colonial America as the background, reflecting the social reality of the day. The Scarlet Letter shows Hawthorne, the literary artist, at his best. Hawthorne sets the novel in the 17th century, depicting the cruelty of the Puritanism and its killing of huma
9、n nature. With the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne became famous as the greatest writer living then in the United States and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since. So more and more scholars are studying the novel from different a
10、ngles. Ecofeminism is a school of thought arising in the 1970s, which combines ecology and feminism. It came into the field of literature in the 1990s. Ecofeminism draws on the approaches of ecological criticism and feminist criticism, which concerns the relation between nature and female. It holds
11、that the mens domination over women is closely related to mens domination over nature. The ends of ecofeminism are to deconstruct anthropocentrism and advocate building a kind of harmonious relationship between human beings and nature. The thesis consists of six parts trying to have an ecofeminist r
12、eading of The Scarlet Letter from the perspective of ecofeminism. Introduction mainly introduces Hawthorne literary achievement, his status in the history of literature, the content of The Scarlet Letter, and researches on the novel both at home and abroad. Then put forward the central argument of t
13、he thesis. Chapter One mainly summarizes the theory of ecofeminism. By summarizing the background, the development, the connotation, the characteristics, and the significance of ecofeminism, I will provide the theoretical foundation for my thesis. Chapter Two analyzes the reasons of the formation of
14、 Hawthornes ecofeminist consciousness. The life experience of Hawthornes mother and the influence that his wife has on him make Hawthorne ponder the womens marginal status in the patriarchal society. And Hawthorne family history, his political sufferings and the social reality stimulate him to accus
15、e the cruelty and harshness of puritan society. Chapter Three mainly analyzes the ecofeminism embodied in The Scarlet Letter from two aspects. Women and nature are closely interconnected: Hester9s four periods of life is just like the four seasons of a year. Incompatible with the puritan society, Pe
16、arl maintains a harmonious relationship with nature. In the patriarchal society with the prevailing Puritanism, nature is exploited and destroyed by men. In the meanwhile, an analysis of the protagonist Hesters marginal status because of the “adultery” and Mistress Hibbins involvement in “witch hunt
17、” case show mens domination over women and nature are closely associated. Chapter Four analyzes Hawthornes ideal expectation of a harmonious world in the future, which is to realize the harmony among male, female and nature. Hawthorne draws a vivid picture for ushuman beings are living in harmony wi
18、th nature. Nature is the refuge and the source of power for women. Man can obtain self-confirmation and salvation in nature, and men and women can get along with each other equally in nature. The conclusion part further summarizes the econfeminism embodied in The Scarlet Letter through the analysis
19、of above chapters. Key words: ecofeminism; nature; female; patriarchy; harmony; The Scarlet Letter 摘要 纳撒尼尔 .霍桑是 19 世纪美国文学史上最具影响力的作家之一。他的创作 多以美国殖民地时期的新英格兰为背景，反映当时的社会现实。小说红字最 能展现出霍桑这位文学艺术家的天赋。红字的故事背景设置在十七世纪，描 写了清教主义的残酷和它对人性的扼杀。随着 1850 年红字的出版，纳撒尼 尔 .霍桑成为了当时美国最知名最伟大的作家。从那时起，这位美国主流作家的 呼声越来越高。从不同角度研究红字的学者
20、也越来越多。生态女性主义是 20 世纪 70 年代产生的一种将生态学和女性主义想结合的思想流派，在 20 世纪 90 年代进入文学流域。它借鉴生态批评和女性批评的方法，它关心的核心问题 是自然与女性的联系。它认为男性对女性的压迫和人类对自然的压迫是紧密联系 在一起的，它的目的是解构人类中心主义，提倡建立一种人和自然之间和谐相处 的关系 。本文分六个部分试运用生态女性主义理论对红字进行解读。 引言部分主要对霍桑的文学成就和在文学史上的地位，红字的内容以及 国内外研究现状做简单介绍，从而提出本论文的中心论题。 第一章主要概述生态女性主义理论。通过对这一理论的产生背景、发展、内 涵、特征和意义等进行
21、概述，为本论文提供理论基础。 第二章分析了霍桑生态女性主义意识形成的原因。霍桑妈妈的生活经历，他 妻子对他的影响，使他开始沉思父权制社会下女性的边缘化地位。他的家庭的历 史，政治遭遇和社会现实促使他控告清教社会的残忍和严厉。 第三章主要从两方 面分析了红字所体现的生态女性主义意识：女性和自然紧 密联系在一起：海斯特的生活经历就像大自然中四个季节的变化。与清教社会格 格不入的珠儿却与自然和谐共处；在以清教主义盛行的父权制社会中，自然遭到 了男性的破坏和蹂躏。同时通过分析女主人公海斯特因为 “通奸罪 ” 处于社会的 边缘化地位，西宾斯太太卷入 “猎杀女巫 ”的案件，说明人类对自然的压迫和 男性对女
22、性的压迫也是紧密联系在一起的。 第四章探析了霍桑对未来和谐世界的美好期望，那就是实现男性、女性、自 然三者之间的和谐。霍桑给我们描述了一幅人和自然和谐相处的画面，大自 然是 女性的避难所和力量的源泉，男性也在自然中得到自我认定和救赎，男性和女性 111 在自然中能够平等相处。 结论部分对红字以上章节的分析做出总结，对小说中体现的生态女性主 义思想做进一步归纳。 关键词：生态女性主义；自然；女性；父权制社会；和谐；红字 Introduction Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the important pioneers of romantic novel and p
23、sychoanalytic novel in American literature in 19th century. His creation mainly takes the New England of the colonial period in the United States as the background, reflecting the social reality of the day. On the methods of creation, he is good at applying the romantic imagination, symbolic implica
24、tion, the massive subjective psychological analysis to highlight the theme, reveal the characters9 inner world and simultaneously also displays the obscurity of the mysticism. He attempted to write novels in the 1830s9. Then he wrote Mosses from an Old Manse， The House of the Seven Gables， The Blith
25、edale Romance， The Marble Faun, etc. Two myth collections of his works are: a Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys and Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys. Hawthorne was accorded due recognition by many of his contemporary men of letters and his important place in American literature is fully recognized.
26、He changed Herman Melville original scheme for his Moby Dick, and Herman Melville called Hawthorne uthe largest brain with the largest heart”. The Jamesian psychological realism may have taken its cue from Hawthornes soul-searching works. In this century William Faulkner and some Gothic novelists cl
27、early showed their indebtedness to him. If Hawthorne reputation is still rising, it is indeed as it should be. As Henry James put it, “Hawthornes work will remain. Among the men of imagination he will always have his niche.(James, 1902: 183) With the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, he bec
28、ame the most greatest writer in the United States and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since. And The Scarlet Letter shows Hawthorne, the literary artist, at his best. It is not only because of the creative symbols, ambiguous art, but also because of Hawthornes
29、 psychological seriousness, structural unity and poetic languages that make his novels stand out. Henry James sets a high value on The Scarlet Letter, t6In fact, the Publication of The Scarlet Letter was in the United States a literary event of the first importance. The book was the finest piece of
30、imaginative writing yet put forth in the country. There was a conscious of this in the welcome that was given ita satisfaction in the idea of America having produced a novel that belonged to literature, and to the forefront of it. Something might at least be sent to Europe as exquisite in quality as
31、 anything that had been received, and the best of it was that the thing was absolutely American, it belonged to the soil, to the air, it came out of the very Heart of New England. (James, 1902: 12) In The Scarlet Letter all elements of Hawthorne thinking and aesthetics seem to find an adequate expre
32、ssion. The story takes place in Boston in the 17th century when Puritanism was very powerful and almost influenced every aspect of peopled life. The protagonist of the novel Hester Prynne follows her husband, an aging and ugly English scholar who is dehumanized by a life of abstruse studying, emigra
33、ting from Britain to New England that is still a colony of Britain. Unfortunately, her husband is captured by the Indians on their way to the destination. So Hester comes to New England alone waiting for her husband. Before long word comes that Hesters husband has been lost at sea. The sharp contras
34、t of image, the disposition and the pursuit between Hester and her husband shows their marriage is just a formality, not to mention true love. So at that time Hester falls in love with a brilliant minister Arthur Dimmesdale and gives birth to a baby, which is against the doctrine of the Puritanism a
35、nd will be punished. So on a summer morning in the puritan town of Boston, Hester stands on the scaffold holding her illicit child as a humiliation of a sinner for her adultery, wearing a scarlet letter A as a sign of shame. When demanded and cajoled to name the adulterer, Hester keeps silent and le
36、aves Arthur Dimmesdale anonymous in the affair. Just at that time, Hesters husband appears and he is bewildered to see her in pillory. Determined to find out who is the adulterer, Hester9s husband disguises himself as a physician and gives himself a name “Roger Chilling worth. When Hester returns to
37、 prison, he visits her and warns her not to reveal his real identity and pledges to devote himself to revenging on the adulterer. Refusing to confess his sin to the public, Dimmesdale suffers from shame and compunction physically, developing a serious heart condition. In the meanwhile, Chillingworth
38、 tries all means to torment the minister. Dimmesdale cannot do anything 2 but banish himself from the community. But Hester is able to reconstruct her life and wins a moral victory. Shunned by the community, she earns her living by sewing and embroidering, winning respect and admiration by resuming
39、charitable work and performing good deeds to villagers who had a prejudice against her before. The torture Dimmesdale suffers from makes Hester realize that she should reveal the true identity of Chillingworth to him. Then she makes the decision to flee to Europe together with Dimmesdale. They agree
40、 to find a ship that is due to sail after Dimmedale gives his last sermon. Unexpectedly, on the scaffold the minister confesses his sin and dies in the arms of Hester. There being no purpose for living except for revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later, leaving a large amount of money to Pearl. Aft
41、erwards Pearl is said to have been married to an aristocrat of England. When Hester passes away many years later, she is buried next to the Dimmesdale. As the masterpiece of Hawthorne9s, The Scarlet Letter has aroused widespread concern since its publication in 1850, which marks a great breakthrough in the creation of novel in America because of its deep theme, rich imagination and the unique way of writing. From the publication to now, a lot of critics at home and abroad do many researches on the novel and illustrate it from different angles. In the his