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1、商务实战应用文写法精讲：合同中常用词-3例24 (1) the party b shall request his bankers to open an irrevocable letter of credit in party a's favour upon receipt of party a's confirmation of this order. 一但收到甲方关于此项订货的确认后，乙便利要求其银行开立以甲方为受益人的信用证。 句中的短语in one's favour意思为“以为受益人”。 (2)our goods that we offer you are m
2、uch in favour on the european continent. 我方向你方报盘的货物，在欧洲大陆颇受好评。 该句中的in favour与上句的in one's favour只相差一个名词全部格形式或形容词性物主代词，但意义却大不相同。in favour在本句中的意思是“受赏识，受好评”。 例25 (1) the foreign party shall furnish to the joint venture company all the technical data necessary to ensure the effective operation of the
3、 machinery. 外方必需向合资公司供应一切必要的技术数据，以保证机械设备的正常运行。 句中的动词ensure意思为“保证，担保”，其书写与insure只相差一个字母，但意义却完全不同。又如： (2) the seller have insured the goods fpa and against war risk at the rate of 0.5%for the sum of usd 36，000 with the insurance company. 卖方已为该货物向保险公司投保平安险和斗争险，费率0.5%，投保额为36，000美元。 该句中的insure表示to make a
4、 contract that promises to pay sb an amount of money in case of accident，injury，death or damage or loss of sth. 例26 (1) up to now we have not heard anything from them about the order in question. 到目前为止，我方仍未接到他们关于该定货的任何消息。 句中的in question意思为“正在被谈起的”，常常译成“该”，如：the contract in question(该合同)。 (2)it is ob
5、viously out of question to effect the shipment in june. 很明显，6月份交货不成问题。 句中的out of question意思为： “毫无疑问”或“没有问题”。 (3)the prices shown in price-lists and catalogues shall be deemed to be the rock-bottom prices and any further reductions is out of the question. 价目单和商品书目中标明的价格，应视为最低价格，不会再次减价。 该句中的out of the
6、 question与上句中的out of question只相差一个定冠词，但其意义却完全相反。前者表示impossible，而后者却表示no problem. 例27 (1) the borrower agrees to transfer t0 the lender the right to accept and substitute other assigned accounts subsequent to this date， in lieu of accounts this day assigned. 借款人同意向出借人转让收取和兑取自即日起的以后各项应收账款的权利，用以取代今日的各项
7、应收账款。 句中的lieu意思为“代替”，如：accept a cheque in lieu of cash(接受支票替代现金)。 (2) machinery shall become the sole property of the joint venture company， free and clear of all liens， charges and claims of any kind whatsoever. 机械设备应成为合资公司的独占财产，不存在任何留置权，不存在任何费用，索赔等状况。 该句中的lien与上句中的lieu书写特别近似，但lien的意思为right to keep
8、 sb's property until a debt owed in connection with it，法律上称“留置权”，属担保方式的一种。 2) attention to the relation 留意同一概念、但表达不同权利义关系的词 合同英语中的某些单词，单独地看，其概念是一样的。但在条款的详细应用中，其表现的权利义务关系和用词的规范与否是不同的。 例28 (1) the contract price set forth in this contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges im
9、posed on the contractor by the government in new zealand. 原译文： 在合同中规定的合同价格，不应包括新西兰政府向承包人征收的扣交税金和任何费用。 该译文中的“税金”应改为“关税”。tariff在表示“税”时，主要用于“关税”，即：a schedule or system of duties imposed by a government on goods imported or exported at the rate of duty imposed in tariff. (2) the china corporation shall
10、bear all relevant taxes and levies imposed upon the personnel by the chinese government， whereas the employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the government of the project-host country. 中国公司应负责交纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金;雇主应负责交纳项目所在国政府对人员所征缴的一切税金。 该句中出现了两个有关“税金”的单词，即taxes and levies.其中tax在表示
11、“税”时，主要强调：money taken compulsorily by the government or by an official body to pay for government services; levy作为名词，主要表示一种“征税”的行为，即：money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an agency or by an official body.因此，句中的taxes and levies合在一起可理解为：(中国政府所征收的)“一切税金”。 (3)the prices quoted ab
12、ove do not include any taxes. duties， impost and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in china. 以上所指的价格并不包括在中国境内所征收的各种税款、关税、进口税以及其他各种费用。 该句中除taxes外，还出现两个表示“税”的单词，即duty 和impost.其中duty主要强调the tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country，可理解为“关税”。但duty在表示“关税”时与t
13、ariff是有本质区分的，前者主要表示tax to be paid for importing，而后者除表示tax to be paid for importing外，还可以表示tax to be paid for exporting，所以，在翻译duty时，一般应结合上下文写成：“在某国内所征收的关税”;句中出现的另一个表示“税”的单词是impost，这个词纯粹表示“进口税”，但不肯定是通过海关所征的税。 例29 (1)合资各方的责任： 甲方责任： 1.办理为设立合资公司向中国有关主管部门申请批准，登记注册，领取营业执照等事宜; 2. 乙方责任： 1.办理合资企业托付在中国境外选购机械设备等
14、有关的事宜： 2. (1) responsibilities of each party to the joint venture responsibility of party a： 1.handling of approval. registration business license and other matters concerning the establishment of the joint venture company from the relevant departments in charge in china. 2. 。 responsibility of part
15、y b： 1. handling the matters entrusted by the joint venture company， such as selecting and purchasing machinery and equipment outside china， etc. 2. 英译该条款时，应首先确定和选择“责任”一词的英语表述。合同英语中常常出现的两个表示“责任”的单词，一个为liability，另一个为responsibility.这是两个极易混淆的词汇， 在表达当事人的责任时是共同的，但涉及到详细的权利义务时，两词是有严格区分的。 liability在表示责任时，主要
16、强调两个方面：一方面指“赔偿责任”(being legally responsible for paying or damage or loss)，如：the underwriters refused to take any liability for the losses(承包人对损失拒绝担当责任);另一方面指“债务责任(一般用复数形式liabilities)，如：the seller shall refund to the buyer such amounts after paying all tax liabilities(在付清一切税款后，卖方须向买方偿还这些款项)。因此，”有限责任公
17、司“常被译成limited liability company，表示a company where a member is responsible for repaying the company’s debts only up to the face value of the shares he owns. responsibility在表示“责任”时，着重强调“职责、义务”(commitment or duty for which a party is responsible)，如：the licensee shall assume full responsibility fo
18、r the payment of all royalties(对于一切专利权运用费的支付事宜，许可证受让方应担当完全责任)。 由上面的分析和比较可见，以上句子中的“责任”明显是合同各方应履行的职责和义务。因此，应译为responsibility. (2)任何一方当事人违反合同的赔偿责任，应相当于另一方因此所受到的损失，但不得超过违反合同的一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。 the liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract shall be equal to the loss su
19、ffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. however， such compensation may not exceed the loss， which the party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of contract. 该句中的“责任”明显是一种being legally
20、responsible for paying loss，所以选择liability是合适的。 3) attention to the legal expressions 留意表达不同法律关系但意义近似的词 某些表达当事人法律关系的汉语词或其近义词在不同的上下文中，其不尽相同。把这些词译成英语时，必需仔细探讨分析，必要时应对合同中当事人约定的权利义务条件进行比较，选出最恰当的英语词汇。 例30 (1)由于发生地震、台风、水灾、火灾、斗争及其他无法预见并且对其发生和后果均不能防止或避开的不行抗力事务，致使干脆影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时，遇有上述不行抗力事务的一方，应马上将事务状况书面
21、通知对方，并在其后15天内，供应事务详情及全部或部分合同不能或须要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件，此项证明文件应由事务发生地区的公证机构出具。根据事务对履行合同影响的程度，由双方协商确定是否解除合同，或者部分免除履行合同的责任，或者延期履行合同。 原译文： should either of the parties of the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure， such as earthquake， typhoon， flood， fire and war and other unforesee
22、n events， and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable， the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay， and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the rele
23、vant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract. both parties shal1，through consultations， decide whether to terminate the contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the contract or whether to delay the execution of the contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the contract.