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1、 动词不定式无人称和数的变化动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有但有时态和语态的变化。时态和语态的变化。不定式不定式时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 to write to write to be to be written written 进行式进行式 to be to be writing writing 完成式完成式 to have to have written written to have to have been been written written 完成进行式完成进行式to have been to have been writing writi
2、ng (二)、不定式的句法功能主语 宾语 表语 定语 A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词: （）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother . B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find o
3、ut, decide, discuss, learn, explain tell sb what to do A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。 表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词等表使役的动词 They made us go with them. 注意注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get s
4、b. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求等表要求,命命令的动词令的动词 The chairman requested the members to be silent. C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止等表许可或禁止的动词的动词 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的等表希望的动词动词(hope无此用法无此用法)Many parents expect their childr
5、en to study abroad. E. 口诀：一感二听三使四看。口诀：一感二听三使四看。一感；一感；feel 二听：二听：hear,listen to 三使：三使：make ,let ,have四看：四看：look at,see,watch,notice 使用口诀：使用口诀：感使动词真奇怪，感使动词真奇怪，to在句中象妖怪。在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来。主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来。动词动词let要除外，要除外，to词可来可不来词可来可不来。 F. 其他动词其他动词 advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, forc
6、e, remind (记忆） Please remind me to take the raincoat.Practice1 Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures. A. help B. helped C. to help D. having helpedC2 The chil
7、dren all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look atB3 We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holdingA4 _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To
8、be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner5. The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having been producedBC时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been havi
9、ng been done done (一一).的语法形式的语法形式无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的但有时态和语态的变化变化.(二二)、动名词的句法功能、动名词的句法功能 具有名词的特征具有名词的特征,可充当成分可充当成分: 主语主语宾语宾语 表语表语 定语定语 1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如： It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It
10、is no use talking too much. 2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. 3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient. 注注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多
11、用动名词大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在在表示具体某次动作表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时特别是将来的动作时,多用不多用不定式。定式。有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：cant stand , cant help .介词介词 注意注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词只能是动名词,不可用不定式不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错其他介词不易错,重点是介词重点是介词to .因为不定式因为不定式符号也是符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。所以一
12、定要记住有关的短语。 ,Practice返回(1).无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的但有时态和语态的变化变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been done done 现在 A.作感官动词的作感官动词的或方式或方式 B. 作使役动词的 1)作时间状语作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概可以表示三个时间概念念 A.表示
13、和谓语动作同时发生表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从引导的时间状语从句句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I
14、 was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如分词就要用完成时。如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework. 2)作原因状语作原因状语,相当于相当于
15、由由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。引导的原因状语从句。 A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Being ill, he didnt go to school.=Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice.= Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he
16、didnt go to see it last night. 3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way.=If you use your head, you will find 4)作让步状语作让步状语,相当于由相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was la
17、te for the meeting. 5)作伴随状语作伴随状语(方式状语方式状语),表示同谓语的动表示同谓语的动作同时发生作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。并列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语语,且常放于主句后。且常放于主句后。 6)作结果状语,同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The
18、 mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.Practice(1).的语法形式无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化,也没有时态也没有时态和语态的变化。和语态的变化。(done)1.作表语作表语作表语,相当于一个形容词相当于一个形容词,说说明主语的状态。如，明主语的状态。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. 注意注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别被动结构与系表
19、结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是这两种结构形式都是be+ 这两种结构的主要区别是这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态被动语态强调所发生的动作强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。的是主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构系表结构)2.作定语作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 : A.及物动词的 B.不及物动词的不及物动词的与它所修饰的名词没有与它所修饰的名词没有关系。关系。 fallen leaves=leaves th
20、at have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有关系。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers loud voice made a f
21、rightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.)3. 过去分词作宾补 过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来 作感官动词 和使役动词的 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He
22、kept himself covered with a blanket. 1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.=As/B
23、ecause they were deeply moved by the story, the children.3)作She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there, lost in thought.= He sat there, and was lost in thought. _ more attention, the tree could have
24、grown better. （条件状语） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. writtenPractice 考点点击 3. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of h
25、im.（原因） A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.（条件） A. begins B. having begunB. C. beginning D. begun 一、分析句子结构一、分析句子结构 解题步骤解题步骤1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told C. H
26、e was told D. Though he was told分析：分析：用连词用连词but 引导并列句子，引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told分析：分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选个成分，故选A，用
27、非谓语动词作状语。，用非谓语动词作状语。二、分析逻辑主语二、分析逻辑主语非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。1. _no buses , we have to walk home .2. _Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home . A. There bein
28、g B. It were C. There were D. It being 分析：句分析：句1. 表示表示“没有公共汽车没有公共汽车”，应用应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选，故选A 。句句2. 同理选同理选D。三、分析语态三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。动还是被动关系。1. _from space , the earth looks blue .2._from space , we can see
29、the earth is blue .A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。子的主语。分析：句分析：句1. “地球被看地球被看”，表被动，故选，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。，用过去分词表被动。句句2. 我们我们“主动看主动看”即表主动，故选即表主动，故选B。四、分析时态，四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。1. The
30、building _now will be a gym .2. The building _next year will be a gym.3. The building _last year is a gym.A. having been built B.to be built C.being built D. built分析：句分析：句1中中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选行式，选C。句。句2中中next year 说明大楼将在明说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句。句3中中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选选D。Thank you!