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1、非谓语动词非谓语动词PPTPPT课件课件.ppt.pptGrammarReview2 时态时态 主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般时一般时towritetobewritten进行时进行时tobewriting完成时完成时tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行时完成进行时tohavebeenwriting不定式的形式变化(以不定式的形式变化(以write为例)为例)1.1 不定式的一般式、进行式、完成不定式的一般式、进行式、完成 进行式或完成式:进行式或完成式:将不定式表示的动作所发生的时间将不定式表示的动作所发生的时间与句子谓语表示的动作(状态)所发与句子谓语
2、表示的动作(状态)所发生的时间进行对比,可将不定式分成生的时间进行对比,可将不定式分成以下四种形式。以下四种形式。1.动词不定式动词不定式 1)一般式:一般式:表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作(状态)同表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在它之后发生。时(或几乎同时)发生,或在它之后发生。Who heard him say that?(几乎同时发生)(几乎同时发生)They arranged to start early.(后于谓语发生)(后于谓语发生)2)进行式:进行式:表示主谓的动作发生时,不定式的动作正表示主谓的动作发生时,不定式的动作正 在进行。在进行。They
3、are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.He pretended to be listening attentively.3)完成进行式:)完成进行式:表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的时表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的时间之前一直在进行。间之前一直在进行。The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years.We are happy to have been workin
4、gwith you.4)完成式:完成式:表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作(状态)就完成了。(状态)就完成了。Mrs Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week.Im sorry to have made such a foolish mistake.He seems to have missed the train.注:注:不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语(如例不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语(如例1和例和例3),也用于),也用于“be+形容词形容词”之后作表示原因的状之后作表示原因的状语(如第语(如第2句)句)不定
5、式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如:词如:expect,wish,suppose,plan,intend,hope,want,mean 或动词或动词 be 之后可表示过去曾打算做而之后可表示过去曾打算做而实际没有做到的事情。实际没有做到的事情。I meant to have telephoned.but I forgot.我我本来想本来想打电话的,但我忘了。打电话的,但我忘了。He was to have been the ambassador,but he fell ill.他他本来是要出任本来是要出任新任大使的,但他病倒了。新任大使的,但他病倒
6、了。动词不定式有主动态及被动态动词不定式有主动态及被动态之分,当不定式的逻辑主语是该不之分,当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的执行者时,该定式所表示的动作的执行者时,该不定式用主动态;当不定式的逻辑不定式用主动态;当不定式的逻辑上的主语是该不定式所表示的动作上的主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,该不定式用被动态。的承受者时,该不定式用被动态。被动态不定式可在句中充当被动态不定式可在句中充当如下一些语法作用:如下一些语法作用:1.2 不定式的被动态不定式的被动态 Is it possible for our hopes to be realized?(作主语)(作主语)She hat
7、ed to be flattered.(奉承)(奉承)(作宾语)(作宾语)He wanted the letter to be typed at once.(作宾语补足语)(作宾语补足语)The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.(作主语补足语)(作主语补足语)There are a lot of things to be done.(作定语)(作定语)She was too young to be assigned such work.(作状语)(作状语)此外,不定式的主动态或被动态此外,不定式的主动态或被动态与一定的语言环境
8、有密切关系,与一定的语言环境有密切关系,请注意以下几点。请注意以下几点。1)在在there be 结构中的不定式用结构中的不定式用主动态或被动态均可,口语中主动态或被动态均可,口语中用主动态代替被动态的情况更用主动态代替被动态的情况更多。多。There is not much work to do/to be done.2)在在tooto结构中,如主语是结构中,如主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式用主动态比用被动态更为普通。用主动态比用被动态更为普通。Atoms are too small to see/to be seen.3)当不定式位于当不定式位于“be+形容词形
9、容词”后并与句后并与句子的主语具有动宾关系时,不定式总是用子的主语具有动宾关系时,不定式总是用主动态。主动态。Dirty water is nasty to drink.(不说:(不说:to be drunk)The question is difficult to answer.(不说:(不说:to be answered)Q Q如果上述结构中的不定式属如果上述结构中的不定式属于不及物动词,则必须加上于不及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。结构或含义所需的介词。The river is dangerous to bathe in.Good conversation is often e
10、xciting to listen to.如果上述结构中的不定式属于不如果上述结构中的不定式属于不及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。需的介词。The river is dangerous to bathe in.Good conversation is often exciting to listen to.这种情况同样适用于作这种情况同样适用于作名词后置定语的不定式。名词后置定语的不定式。如果不定式与被修饰的如果不定式与被修饰的名词之间有动宾关系,名词之间有动宾关系,也应该在不及物动词构也应该在不及物动词构成的不定式后加上适当成的不定式后加上适当的介词
11、,如:的介词,如:a comfortable house to live ina very nice person to get along witha difficult problem to deal with 英语中不定式不能带符号英语中不定式不能带符号to的情况可归纳如下:的情况可归纳如下:1)在情态动词和助动词在情态动词和助动词can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,must之后的不定式。之后的不定式。2)在使役动词在使役动词let,make,have和感觉动词之后作宾补的和感觉动词之后作宾补的不定式不定式.3)在在Why或或Why n
12、ot 后常直接用不带后常直接用不带to的不定式构成问的不定式构成问句。句。Why come so late?Why not stay away from them?1.5 不带不带to的不定式的用法小结的不定式的用法小结4)在在 had better/best,would rather,would ratherthan,would sooner than,may/might as well(还是还是为好),为好),cannot(choose)but(不得不不得不),),do nothing/anything but,do nothing/anything except 等之后的不定式。等之后的
13、不定式。You had better tell them the truth.They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.She was so resolute that we couldnt but let her try.I have done nothing except/but do what I should.不定式的逻辑主语一般就是句子不定式的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语,但有时则需另加专门的逻辑的主语,但有时则需另加专门的逻辑主语。引出不定式逻辑主语通常用主语。引出不定式逻辑主语通常用“for+名词名词/代词宾语代词宾语
14、”,但当有关有,但当有关有形容词表示人的感情色彩、性格脾气形容词表示人的感情色彩、性格脾气时,不定式的逻辑主语则通常用时,不定式的逻辑主语则通常用“of+名词名词/代词宾语代词宾语”。1.6 不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语1)“for+名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语引出的逻辑主语 It is impossible for us to learn a third foreign language.We must try to make it possible for lost time to be recovered.He opened the gate for the car t
15、o enter.The best thing for us is to make our own decision.2)“of+名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语引出的逻辑主语 It is so kind of you to think so much of us.It was foolish of her to believe him.注:与第二种形式的不定式逻辑主语的关注:与第二种形式的不定式逻辑主语的关的形容词常见的有:的形容词常见的有:good,kind,stupid,foolish,wise,clever,unwise,silly,wrong,right,careless,c
16、onsiderate,thoughtful,rude,polite,impolite,naughty 等。等。3)“with+名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格“引出的逻引出的逻辑主语辑主语With the Party branch to lead them,they will finish the task ahead of time.不定式在句中可充当的语法作用有以下几种。不定式在句中可充当的语法作用有以下几种。1)作主语作主语 当不定式(短语)内容简短时可直接位于句首主当不定式(短语)内容简短时可直接位于句首主语的位置上;当不定式(短语)内容较多时则移后,语的位置上;当不定式(短语)内容较多时则
17、移后,用先行代词用先行代词It代替主语。例如:代替主语。例如:To persevere means victory!1.7 不定式的语法作用小结不定式的语法作用小结 2)作表语作表语 不定式作表语一般位于系动词不定式作表语一般位于系动词be之后。之后。Our main task now is to develop the students ability to carry on independent work.3)作宾语作宾语 不定式在某些及物动词后面作宾语。不定式在某些及物动词后面作宾语。She pretended not to see me.4)作宾补作宾补/主补主补 不定式作宾补或主补
18、的不定式作宾补或主补的 You made me laugh.5)作定语作定语 不定式可位于某些名词、不定代词、序数词后面作后不定式可位于某些名词、不定代词、序数词后面作后置定语。可分以下置定语。可分以下四四类。类。抽象名词,如:抽象名词,如:wish,way,chance,opportunity,courage,determination,decision,tendency,right,intention,ambition,attempt,promise,ability,capacity,anxiety,refusal,eagerness,plan 等,这种结构中的不定等,这种结构中的不定式与
19、被修饰名词之间有同位关系或具体说明先行名词。式与被修饰名词之间有同位关系或具体说明先行名词。We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant.This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience.Is that the best way to solve the problem?表示为了做事而需要使用某物的名词。表示为了做事而需要使用某物的名词。Have you got a key to unlock the door?与不定式能构成动宾搭配的一些名词。与不定式能构成动宾搭配的一些名
20、词。I gave him a comic(连环漫画)(连环漫画)to read.He needs a place to live in.She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.作序数词的后置定语,旨在对序数词作具体说明。作序数词的后置定语,旨在对序数词作具体说明。We declare that China wont be the first to use nuclear weapons.6)做状语做状语 表示目的表示目的We started early to avoid being late.I came in o
21、rder to hear the report.Ill leave soon so as not to/in order not to disturb you.表示结果表示结果He arrived late to find the train gone.I worked late into the night,only to find I had not finished half of the job.(only+不定式可表示一种意不定式可表示一种意思不到的结果)思不到的结果)He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighhou
22、rs.(so as to与与soas to 的区别在于:前者表示目的;的区别在于:前者表示目的;后者表示结果)后者表示结果)His is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.(=His story is so sad as to)We are too tired to walk any further.表示原因表示原因 不定式作表示原因的状语有两种形式不定式作表示原因的状语有两种形式(1)位于位于“be+形容词形容词/过去分词过去分词”之后;之后;(2)位于位于“with/without+名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格”之之后。后。I am sor
23、ry to hear you are not well.We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.With him to stay in the house I feel quite safe.Without anything to eat he died of hunger.2.V-ing(现在分词和动名词)与(现在分词和动名词)与v-ed(过去分词)(过去分词)2.1 V-ing的一般式和完成式的一般式和完成式 V-ing的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或稍先的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或稍先于谓语动词发生的动作,在某些特
24、定的动词(如:于谓语动词发生的动作,在某些特定的动词(如:suggest,put off等)之后也可以表示在谓语动词的等)之后也可以表示在谓语动词的动作之后发生的动作。动作之后发生的动作。Last night I enjoyed his playing at the concert.(同时发生)(同时发生)Taking up his belongings,he walked out of his office.(稍先于谓语发生)(稍先于谓语发生)He suggested spending the evening in his aunts.(后于谓语发生)(后于谓语发生)V-ing 的完成式表示
25、的是在谓语动词之前已完的完成式表示的是在谓语动词之前已完成的动作。成的动作。He was praised for having done so much work for the public.He did not realize having made a serious mistake.Having found the solution,we felt greatly relieved.注:注:V-ing的完成式经常用作状语表示时间,的完成式经常用作状语表示时间,原因等原因等,位于句首(如第位于句首(如第3句)句)2.2 V-ing的被动形式的被动形式 V-ing的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语
26、是该的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是该V-ing所表示的动作的承受者。所表示的动作的承受者。He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.The problem being discussed is of vital importance.Having been invited to speak,Ill start making preparations tomorrow.2.5 位于介词位于介词to后面的后面的V-ing 某些动词或介词短语的末尾有介某些动词或介词短语的末尾有介词词to,此时切不可将其看成是不定,此时切不可将其看成是不定式符号式符
27、号to,因为这些短语的末尾介词因为这些短语的末尾介词to必须后续必须后续V-ing,这种这种“to+V-ing”结构有:结构有:be used to 习惯于;习惯于;prior to 先于先于;take to 开始从事于开始从事于;be accustomed to 习惯于;习惯于;look forward to 期待着;期待着;object to 反对;反对;dedicate to 除除以外;以外;owing to,由于;,由于;in relation to 论及,关于论及,关于with an eye to 为为起见,意在;起见,意在;as to 关于;关于;adapt oneself to
28、使自己适应于;使自己适应于;preferto 宁愿宁愿而不愿;而不愿;attend to 专心于专心于;contribute to 对对有好处;有好处;pay attention to 重视;重视;attach great importance to 重视;重视;resort to 诉诸于,采取诉诸于,采取手段;手段;with a view to 以以为目的为目的.He devoted every Saturday afternoon to fishing.He studies hard with a view to serving the people better in the futur
29、e.I object to being blamed for something that I havent done.这种这种“介词介词to+V-ing”还可出还可出现于现于“形容词形容词+介词介词to”的结的结构中,如:构中,如:deaf to 不愿听不愿听;equal to 有力量,能力;有力量,能力;loyal to 忠于;忠于;preferable to 较合人意;较合人意;similar to 类似;类似;superior to 优于,胜过优于,胜过 等。等。2.6 某些固定结构中的某些固定结构中的V-ing 在如下一些固定结构中往往用在如下一些固定结构中往往用 V-ing:It
30、is(of)no use/no good/useless+V-ing;have fun/trouble/difficulty/a hard time+V-ing be busy+V-ing be late+V-ing be worth+V-ing be through+V-ing spend/waste time+V-ing lose no time+V-ing 不失时机(做某事)不失时机(做某事)prevent.sb.+V-ing whats the use+V-ing there is no+V-ing 不可能不可能2.8 V-ing与与V-ed的语法作用小结的语法作用小结 1)V-ing
31、作主语作主语 V-ing位于句首主语的位置上作主语,情况类似于位于句首主语的位置上作主语,情况类似于不定式作主语,当不定式作主语,当V-ing短语与某些表语搭配时可后短语与某些表语搭配时可后移,并在主语位置上由先进代词移,并在主语位置上由先进代词it代替,这类表语有:代替,这类表语有:tiring,interesting,nice,better,foolish,fun,no good,a waste of time,a bore 等。等。Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays.Its foolish beha
32、ving like that.Its fun having guests for the weekend.2)V-ing与与V-ed作表语作表语 V-ing作表语时可分成名词性及形容词性,作表语时可分成名词性及形容词性,而而V-ed分词作表语则总是形容词性的。分词作表语则总是形容词性的。My favorite sport is swimming.(名词性)(名词性)Prices are stable and the market is flourishing.(形容词性)(形容词性)The door is locked.(形容词性)(形容词性)3)V-ing作动词作动词/介词宾语介词宾语 V-
33、ing作可以动词的宾语,此外,作可以动词的宾语,此外,V-ing也经常作介词也经常作介词宾语。宾语。I couldnt risk missing that train.Did you take part in installing the equipment?Who is responsible for organizing the excursion?4)V-ing 与与 V-ed 作宾补作宾补I saw Mary entering the office.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.I hate young people smoking.We saw
34、the thief arrested.They kept everything locked.I consider the matter settled.5)V-ing与与V-ed作定语作定语 一般来说,一般来说,V-ing作定语多表示动作上的作定语多表示动作上的主动或进行,主动或进行,V-ing作定语多表示动作的被动作定语多表示动作的被动或完成。或完成。Will the people sitting at the back please keep quiet?There were a lot of people cutting rice in the fields.This is the b
35、ook recommended by the professor.The material needed is iron.6)V-ing与与V-ed作状语作状语 表示时间表示时间Arriving at the station,he found his train gone.Seen from the hill,the town looks beautiful.表示原因表示原因Born and bred a countryman(因为生长在农村因为生长在农村),he could not live happily in London.Knowing English well,he translat
36、ed the article without a dictionary.表示条件表示条件Given more time,he would be able to do better.Working hard,you will succeed.表示结果表示结果A letter has just come,relieving me from anxiety.表示让步,经常由表示让步,经常由though或或although引出引出Although/Though working very hard,he didnt feel a bit tired.表示伴随状况和方式表示伴随状况和方式He sat in
37、 the chair reading a newspaper.7)连词连词+V-ing/V-ed结构结构 当当+V-ing与与V-ed作状语时表示时间、条件、让步及方式作状语时表示时间、条件、让步及方式时,有时可在分词短语前加上时,有时可在分词短语前加上 when,while,before,after,until,if,unless,though,although,as if,as though 这样的连词。这样的连词。When summoned(呼唤)(呼唤)by her nurse,she rose and departed very quickly.While reading,I fel
38、l asleep.He raised his eyes,looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles.He will be imprisoned if caught by the police.Even if invited,I wont go.Though surrounded,the soldiers were not discouraged.不不定定式式,V-ing,V-ed在在某某些些语语法法功功能能方方面面是是相相同同的的,掌掌握握它它们们的的区区别别对对于于正正确确使使用用是是很很重重要要的的。以以下下我我们们
39、对对这这三三种种非非谓谓语语动动词词在在作作定定语语、宾宾补补、状状语语、表表语语等等方方面面加加以以比比较较及区别。及区别。3.非谓语动词的用法比较非谓语动词的用法比较3.1 不定式,不定式,V-ing,V-ed作名词的后置定语时的区别作名词的后置定语时的区别 一般来说,作后置定语的不定式多表示一个未来的动一般来说,作后置定语的不定式多表示一个未来的动作,当它修饰抽象名词时不存在与被修饰名词之间的逻辑作,当它修饰抽象名词时不存在与被修饰名词之间的逻辑主谓关系。主谓关系。作后置定语的作后置定语的V-ing有浓厚的有浓厚的“进行进行”意味,而且与被修意味,而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关
40、系。饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。作后置定语的作后置定语的V-ed有浓厚的有浓厚的“完成完成”意味,而且与被修意味,而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。We can see the childrens anxiety to go to the beach.(表示未来的动作)(表示未来的动作)The students waving red flags and banners lined the streets.(表示进行中的动作)(表示进行中的动作)The method adopted was thought to be effective.(表示完
41、成的动作)(表示完成的动作)3.2 不定式,不定式,V-ing,V-ed作宾语补足语时的区别作宾语补足语时的区别 不定式作宾补时多表示动作的完成,即全过程;不定式作宾补时多表示动作的完成,即全过程;V-ing 多多表示的进行;表示的进行;V-ed则表示动作的完成或被动。对某些动词的则表示动作的完成或被动。对某些动词的来说,用不定式的被动态或来说,用不定式的被动态或V-ed 作宾补区别不大。作宾补区别不大。I watched her cross the street.(表示(表示“穿越穿越”的全过程)的全过程)I saw him crossing the road.(表示(表示“正在穿越正在穿越
42、”)Jane had her bad tooth pulled out at the dentists.(表示动作完成)(表示动作完成)3.3 不定式,不定式,V-ing,V-ed作状语时的区别作状语时的区别 三种非谓语动词作状语时的区别有以下几点。三种非谓语动词作状语时的区别有以下几点。1)不定式可位于句首或谓语之后或采用不定式可位于句首或谓语之后或采用so as to,in order to 作作 表示目的的状语,而表示目的的状语,而V-ing,V-ed则几乎不能。则几乎不能。2)不定式可位于谓语之后或在不定式可位于谓语之后或在be+形容词(或分词)之后作表形容词(或分词)之后作表示原因的
43、状语,而示原因的状语,而V-ing,V-ed则往往位于句首用逗号与句子分则往往位于句首用逗号与句子分开,表示原因,试比较:开,表示原因,试比较:We were surprised to find them there.Being ill all last year,he lived in a sanitorium.(疗养院)(疗养院)Absorbed in the work,he neglected food and sleep.3)V-ing与与V-ed可表示时间、让步、方式等状语意义而不定式可表示时间、让步、方式等状语意义而不定式则几乎不能。则几乎不能。Translate the foll
44、owing sentences into English.1.这是一个昨天已经 讨论了的问题。2.这是一个正在 讨论的问题。3.这是一个将要 讨论的问题。This is a problem discussed yesterday.(已经完成的被动动作)This is a problem being discussed.(正在进行的被动动作)This is a problem to be discussed.(将要进行的被动动作)discussed being discussed to be discussed已经正在将要考点一;todo/-ing与done的基本区别1Isendyou100do
45、llarstoday,therest_inayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed2Thetrees_inthestormhavebeenmovedofftheroadA.beingblowndownB.blowndownC.blowingdownD.toblowdown知识链接考点一;不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别被动主动被动done-ingtodo完成进行将来时间关系主动主动【分析】答案选C。动词不定式表示未来的动作。【分析】答案选B。blowndown表“完成、被动”知识链接结合句子意思,考察非谓语动词与相应逻辑主语的关系
46、,若为主动关系,用主动式;若为被动关系,用被动式。特别注意,过去分词没有相应的被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动。如:考点二;考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式。1Ifeelgreatlyhonored_intotheirsociety.AtowelcomeBwelcomingCtobewelcomedDwelcome2IheartheyvepromotedTom,buthedidntmention_whenwetalkedonthephone.AtopromoteBhavingbeenpromotedChavingpromotedDtobepromoted2Herdresshasbecomeloos
47、e.Sheappears_weight.AtoloseBtohavelostClosingDbeinglost3._inthequeueforhalfanhour,theoldmansuddenlyrealizedhehadleftthechequeinthecar.A.WaitingBTowaitCHavingwaitedDTohavewaited知识链接考点三、考查非谓语动词一般式和完成式的用法当非谓语动词比谓语动词先发生时,用完成时,否则用一般式做题时要注意根据题干所提供的语境来推断这种先后关系。1.Whenaskedwhyhewentthere,hesaidhewassentthere
48、_foraspaceflight.A.trainingB.beingtrainedC.tohavetrainedD.tobetrained考点四;考查非谓语动词作状语_theprojectasplanned,wellhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.A.CompletingB.CompleteC.CompletedD.Tocomplete原则动词用作目的状语,原则上要用todo考点四;考查非谓语动词作状语1.Heglancedoverather,_thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogetherA.notingB.noted
49、C.tonoteD.havingnoted2.Asthelightturnedgreen,Istoodforamoment,not_,andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.A.movedB.movingC.tomoveD.Beingmoved3.Hesat_toher_thestairs.A.tolisten;toclimbB.listening;toclimbC.listening;climbD.listening;toclimbing原则动词用作伴随状语,原则上要用-ing.【解析】A项是个陷阱,如选A则stood,moved,asked构成三个并列谓语,而谓语的
50、否定应didnt move而非not moved 句意为:当信号灯变绿时,我站在那儿一会儿没动,心想自己该怎么办。考点四;考查非谓语动词作状语todo目的状语-ing伴随状语与谓语动词的动作同时发生在谓语动词的动作后带一逗号放在主句后不能有逗号考点四;考查非谓语动词作状语todo-ing一定逻辑结果非逻辑结果意料之外意料之中原则用作结果状语时,可用-ing或不定式,但有区别在于15.Theglassdoorshavetakentheplaceofthewoodenonesattheentrance,_inthenaturallightduringtheday.A.to let B.lettin