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1、2005-2010年语法结构题考点分布年份050607080910状语从句状语从句21521动词时态、语态动词时态、语态43412非谓语动词非谓语动词113131虚拟语气虚拟语气223111比较结构比较结构11421代词代词21223情态动词情态动词132121倒装倒装1112形容词、副词形容词、副词23112非谓语动词Non-finite verbs 什么是非谓什么是非谓 语动词啊？语动词啊？“非谓语非谓语非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词就是不是谓语的动词呗呗!那不是谓语那不是谓语是什么呢？是什么呢？。英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词：n 加连词（and/but/so）n 放入
2、从句 n 变为非谓语动词 1.含义含义：不可以在句子中单独作谓语，并且不受主语人称和数的限制。2.双重性质双重性质：有动词的特点，有时态和语态的变化，能被状语修饰 ，也可以有自己的宾语；也有非动词的性质，可以替代名词或形容词。3.就句法功能句法功能来说，非谓语动词可以作除谓语以外的其它各种成分，即主语，表语（补语），定语，状语和宾语。分分词词不不定定式式动动名名词词非非谓谓语语动动词词独立主格结构独立主格结构现在分词过去分词不定式 Infinitive不定式的时态主主动动形式形式被被动动形式形式一般式一般式todotobedone完成式完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进进
3、行式行式tobedoing完成完成进进行式行式tohavebeendoing动动词词不不定定式式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the patient not to drink cold water after the operation.主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语
4、状语宾补宾补不定式时态 1)不定式的一般式 表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如：Thousands of young people are learning to ski(同时)Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with?不定式时态不定式的进行式n1.不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。nHe pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.真题The Minister of Finance is believed _o
5、f imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(2004-48)A.that he is thinking B.to be thinkingC.that he is to think D.to thinkB不定式时态2.不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行。nShe is known to have been working on the problem for many years.不定式的完成式n1.用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,wanted,promised,p
6、lanned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。n也可用来表示先于谓语动词发生动作或状态，to have+过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。Examples nI intended to have come to see you.(我本打算来看你的)nHe was to have fetched you here他本该去把你带来的。nThey were to have been married in May but had to postpone the wedding until June.nShe h
7、as to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university.(必先通过，才能)nYou are lucky to have won the girls heart(You have won)nThe girl was reported to have been missing for a month(She has been)nI am sorry to have lost your key把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。nShe was reported to have died据报道她已经死了。n
8、He was impatient to have finished the job他渴望已经完成了工作。不定式的完成式n2.用在seem,appear,think,consider,believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。ne.g.Judging from his manners at the party,he doesnt seem to have received much education.nHe was believed to have been a reporter.不定式的完成式n3.在should
9、/would like或should/would have liked后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。nI should like to have gone with her.(但没有去)nI should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter.(我真想见到她读信时的表情。)真题n1.AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.(2002-46)A.being B
10、.to be C.to have been D.having beenn2.Professor Johnson said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year.(1999-43)A.having made B.making C.to have made D.to maken3.At three oclock this morning,I seemed _ someone scream in the street.(1990-39)A.hearing B.having heard C.to have heard D
11、.to hearC 练习n1.The Vikings are believed_ America.n A.to have discovered B.in discoveringn C.to discover D.to have been discoveredn2.The students were to_ at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m.,but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.nA.assembled B.have assembled nC.assembling D.be assembledn3.H
12、e was to_ the new ambassador,but he fell ill.n A.having telephoned B.have telephoned n C.has telephoned D.telephoningA B B be+动词不定式1.表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于be going to）You are to see him today at six oclock.2.表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/ought to/have to等）。You are to explain this.3.表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等）Simi
13、lar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries.4.表示不可避免将要发生的事。They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.5.用于条件从句，表示如果想，设想（相当于ifshould,或ifwant）。If we are to be there in time,well have to hurry up.真题nI _ writing the paper as scheduled,but my mothers illn
14、ess interfered.I hope you will excuse me.(1993-54)nA.am to have finishednB.was to have finished nC.was to finishnD.ought to finishB动词疑问词+带to的不定式n用于此结构的常见动词：advise consider decide discuss explain find out forget hear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonde
15、rne.g.Please show me how to do that.(做宾语)ne.g.When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.（做主语）ne.g.The problem is how to get there in time.（做表语）ne.g.I had no idea which to read first.（做名词同位语）真题nThe Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_.(1998-49)nA.to stay B.is to stay n C.to stay at D.is for
16、 stayingC不定式的特殊句型1.such as to,suchas to,soas to表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone.It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives.Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?2.so as(not)to,only to,in order to,so(such)as to(如此以便)表目的 We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.He
17、kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.I come here only to say goodbye to you.真题nHis remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting.(2005-53)nA.so as to B.such as to nC.such to D.as much as tonHis strong sense of humour was_ make everyone in the room burst out laughing.(1998-50)nA.so
18、 as to B.such as to nC.so that D.such thatB B不定式的特殊句型3.tooto结构:1)太太以至于以至于2)当当too前面有前面有only,all,but时，意思是时，意思是“非常非常”，too等于等于very。e.g.He was but too eager to get home.3)当当too前或前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时，前有否定词构成双重否定时，too等于等于very。e.g.He is too wise not to see that.4)当当too后是后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,
19、ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,east,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容等形容词或副词时，词或副词时，too等于等于very。e.g.They are too ready to help others.5)too与与cannot连用，表示无止境。连用，表示无止境。e.g.You cannot be too careful.6)当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示so(many/much)。e.g.There are too many problem
20、s to be solved.不定式的特殊句型n4)only to+动词原形（不料竟会动词原形（不料竟会，没想到会，没想到会）表）表示不好的结果。示不好的结果。ne.g.They hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.真题nThe three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country,_ by the police each time.(1999-42)nA.had been capturednB.being a
21、lways capturednC.only to be capturednD.unfortunately capturedc动词不定式的复合结构It is+形容词for/of somebody+不定式1.强调不定式的行为属性，可用“It is+形容词for somebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。Easy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable not enough essential the first the next the last the best too mu
22、ch too littlee.g.It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish.动词不定式的复合结构n2.强调任务的性格和特征，则用“It is+形容形容词词of somebody+不定式不定式”句型。nKind nice stupid rude clever thoughtful brave considerate silly selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible wrong right bad真题nThe opening ceremony is a great o
23、ccasion.It is essential _ for that.(2003-47)nA.for us to be preparednB.that we are prepared nC.of us to be preparednD.our being preparedA省略to的动词不定式ne.g.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.nId sooner stay at home.nI would as soon do it by myself.nSince its a fine day we might as well walk
24、.nHe would rather listen to others than talk himself.nI would just as soon stay as go.A 在情态成语之后在would rather,would sooner,would(just)as soon(宁愿),may/might(just)as well(不妨，可以),cannot but/cannot help but(不能不，不由得不)之后，接不带to不定式。Note:在否定句中，not放在would rather,had better后，但在否定疑问句中，not放在had,would 后。I would ra
25、ther not drink anything.Hadnt you better make haste?Had I not better do it tomorrow?真题nThat man has a bad reputation.You_ anything to do with him.(1991-10)n A.had better not have n B.have better haven C.have better not haven D.had better not to haveAnThey did nothing except work.nTheres no choice bu
26、t to wait.nWhat he will do is to spoil the whole thing.nAll you do now is to complete the form.nThe only thing I can do now is to go on by myself.nThe thing to do now is to clear up this mess.B.在介词except/but 之后如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。如果主语是由all,what等词引导的从句，或者是主语受only,first,one,le
27、ast或形容词最高级修饰，主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to，也可不带to。nWhy argue with him?nWhy not give Mary some flowers?C.在“why./why not.?”之后Why表示不满，或者是委婉的批评；why not表示建议，二者都不带to _ him tomorrow?(2001-43)A.Why not to call on B.Why dont call on C.Why not calling on D.Why not call onD必须带to的特殊情况n1.know better than后的不
28、定式必须加to ne.g.He knows better than to lend her the money.他很明智，不会把钱借给她。nHe knew better than to argue with such a rascal.必须带to的特殊情况n2.“比较级+名词+than”后的不定式要加to ne.g.She had more sense than to be deceived by him.她有理智，不会上当。nHe has a better heart than to betray his country.他有良心，不会叛国。动名词 Gerund动名词时态和语态意义主动语态被
29、动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done动名词的时态n动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。n一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般情况。使用doing.nSeeingisbelieving.眼见为实。n完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdone.nHewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.nHishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurp
30、risedusgreatly.真题nIneverregretted_offer,foritwasnotwheremyinterestlay.(1993-53)nA.nottoacceptnB.nothavingacceptednC.havingnotacceptednD.notacceptingB动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedonbeinggiventhetask.Beingtakenadvantageofisnotagoodthing.但要注意但要注意,在want,need,deserve,r
31、equire,repay,bear,take需要，brook忍受，stand等表示“需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容词worth后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.Hermethodisworthtrying.在need,want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，但以用动名词较为普遍。qThedooriscracking.Itneedsoiling/to be oile
32、d.qTheroomwantscleaning/to be cleaned.动名词的复合结构如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。两种形式：1)人称代词所有格+动名词Heinsistedonmygoingwithhimtotheparty.Compare:Tominsisted on going withthem.Tominsisted on my going withthem.2)名词所有格+动名词Shedislikesherhusbandscomingbackhomelate.Compare:Hehatesworkinglate.Hehateshis wifes w
33、orkinglate.若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。练习nThoughherfatherneverapprovedof_todramaschool,shebecameawell-knownactress.(1991-16)nA.goingB.hertogoC.hergoingD.hergonSheregrets_idlewhenyoung.na.tohavebeenb.herbeingc.herhavingd.havingbeennKey:CD动名词和不定式的比较n1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。n2）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。n3
34、）动名词通常用于书面语；不定式则倾向口语。作主语的动名词与不定式在意义上的区别 动名词通常表示抽象动作，而不定式通常表示具体动作，特特别是将来的未完成动作。别是将来的未完成动作。qIts no use crying over spilt milk.（抽象动作）qHis mother had advised him,however,that it was no use to argue with Selma.（具体动作）（指抽象动作（指抽象动作,泛指）泛指）（指具体的一次动作）（指具体的一次动作）Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here wil
35、l be punished分词 Participle分词的形式态态主动态主动态被动态被动态式式一般式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式完成式having donehaving been done 现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。去分词与现在分词被动式的区别去分词与现在分词被动式的区别n现在分词的被动形式是beingdone，表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。nWhoisthepatientbeingoperate
36、don?nYouwillfindthematterbeingtalkedaboutalloverthetown.n而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这个动作已经完成。如Thepatientoperatedonyesterdayisafamousscientist.真题n1.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder_outandthreemenclimbingdownit.(1995-52)nA.throwingnB.beingthrownnC.havingthrown
37、nD.havingbeenthrownn2.Mr.Brownhadthereport_assoonashefinished_it.(1990-33)nA.tobetyped,towriteB.typed,towritenC.beingtyped,writingD.typed,writingB Dn在lookat，listento,feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式说明动作的全过程。nDidyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?nYesI
38、did.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.nIsaw your father workinginyourgardenyesterday.nIsaw your father workinyourgardenyesterday.n昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。n昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。n注意：注意：find后面用分词后面用分词(现在分词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词)作宾补，不用不定式。作宾补，不用不定式。如：n正：Ifoundhimlyingontheground.n误：Ifoundhimlieontheground.分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的
39、区别分词作状语分词作状语1.表时间e.g.Hearingthenews,weimmediatelysetoffforLondon.e.g.Shesatdown,listeningtotheirtalk.注意：on/in+doing也是常用的时间表示法，有些细微差别。On+doing相当于assoonas，强调瞬间动作。In+doing相当于when或while，强调的是连续的缓慢的动作。On entering the room,hefoundthewomanlyingdeadonthefloor.In doing the workshemetalotofdifficulties.分词作状语分词
40、作状语2.表原因,相当于as,since,because引导的从句Not knowinganythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkaswell.3.表方式或伴随Shewassittinginanarmchairreading a book.Theyallreturnedtothevillage convincedthatthedangerwasover.分词作状语分词作状语4.表条件，相当于if,unless等引导的从句Givenanotherchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.5.表结果，相当于sothat引导的从句Theoldscient
41、istdiedallofasudden,leaving the project unfinished.6.表让步，相当于though,evenif引导的从句Granting his honesty,westillcantemployhim.真题n1._atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesntseemsogloomy.(2000-51)nA.LookingB.LookedC.HavinglookedD.Tolookn2._enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermor
42、einthisfield.(1998-51)nA.GivingB.TogiveC.GivenD.BeinggivenB C真题n3._time,hellmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(1996-42)nA.HavingB.GivennC.GivingD.Hadn4._,hewaschosenandtrainedasaprofessionalswimmer.(1991-20)nA.HewasbornandraisedinafishingvillagenB.BornandraisedinafishingvillagenC.Thathewasbornandraisedin
43、afishingvillagenD.InadditiontohewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageB B作状语的分词短语前的连词n分词短语作状语时，有时前面可以加一个连词，表示强调或出于表达的需要。常用的连词有：when,while,after,before,if,though,whetheror,unless,asif等nAftertakingthemedicine,hefeltbetter.Thesoldierwalkedveryslowlyasifhavingbeenwounded.n如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being，则being可以省略。
44、nWhile(being)atschool,shebegantowritethenovel.nIf(being)wellread,thebookwillgiveyoumuchtothink.nJack,(being)inabadmood,didnothingyesterday.和句子主语和句子主语不保持一致不保持一致的分词短语形式。的分词短语形式。1._thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.GivenB.TogiveB.C.GivingD.HavinggivenAGiven作作“鉴于，考
45、虑到鉴于，考虑到”解，为介词。解，为介词。与此类似的有：与此类似的有：nConsidering(考虑到）考虑到）njudging from,seeing that(鉴于、由于）鉴于、由于）ngenerally speaking/nfrankly/strictly speakingnfollowing this.(在在之后之后)ntaking all into consideration（从各方面考（从各方面考虑）虑）ntalking of（谈到）谈到）ntaken as a whole（从整体（从整体 上看）上看）Talkingofcleaning,itsabouttimeyoudidthew
46、indows,isntit?Consideringhisage,thelittleboyreadsverywell.Followingthis,60,000Indians,includingGandhi,wereputinprison.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrong.练习n1._theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.(CET-41996,6)nA)HavingbelievedB)BelievingnC)BelievedD)Beingbelievedn2.Nomatterhowfr
47、equently_,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.(CET-41995,6)nA)performingB)performednC)tobeperformedD)beingperformedn3._asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(CET-41996,1)nA)BeingpublishedB)PublishednC)PublishingD)TobepublishedBBB独立主格Absolute Structure n独立结构（absolute constructio
48、n）：分词有自己的逻辑主语，n在句中作状语，表示时间、伴随、原因和条件等。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。n句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。n独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。n独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构的构成形式n1、逻辑主语v-ingn2、逻辑主语v-edn3、逻辑主语形容词（副词）n4、逻辑主语不定式 n5、逻辑主语介词短语n6、With 的复合结构1.名词（代词）名词（代词）+现在分词现在分
49、词Withthequestionsettled,wewenthome.Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weatherpermitting.Themonitorbeingill,wedbetterputthemeetingoff.2.名词（代词）名词（代词）+过去分词过去分词Thejobfinished,wewenthome.Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedonethejobmuchbetter.3.名词（代词）名词（代词）+不定式不定式Nobodytocometomorrow
50、,wewillhavetoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.Somanypeopletohelphim,heissuretosucceed.4.名词（代词）名词（代词）+介词短语介词短语Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.Hewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.独立主格结构独立主格结构:（with）+N.+非谓语，非谓语，主句主句5.名词（代词）名词（代词）+形容词或副词形容词或副词 He sat in the front row,his mouth half open.She sat at the table,colla