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1、2014考研英语一真题【文字完整版】 Directions: Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points) Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycantremember_1_weputthekeysjustamomenta
2、go,oranoldacquaintancesname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain_2_,werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments._3_seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)_4_impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal_5_. Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglysh
3、owingthattheresactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It_6_outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental_7_cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive_8_.Thinkingisessentiallya_9_ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto_10_inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceis
4、inherited._11_,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate_12_mentaleffort. Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep_13_anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental_14_. TheW
5、eb-basedprogram_15_youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps_16_ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback_17_yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it_18_modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto_19_onthestrengthsyouaredevelopingmuchlikea(n)_20_exerciseroutinerequiresy
6、outoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse. 1.Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhy 2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses 3. AIf BUnless COnce DWhile 4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure 5. Awellbeing&nbs
7、p;BenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook 6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures 7. Aroundabouts Bresponses Cworkouts Dassociations 8. Agenre Bfunctions CcircumstancesDcriterion 9. Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dproc
8、ess 10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature 11. ATherefore BMoreover COtherwise DHowever 12. AaccordingtoBregardlessofCapartfrom Dinsteadof 13. Aback Bfurther Caside Daround 14. Asharpness Bstabili
9、ty Cframework Dflexibility 15. Aforces Breminds Churries Dallows 16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace 17. Ato Bwith Cfor Don 18. Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusually 19. Acarry
10、 Bput Cbuild Dtake 20. Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarSectionReadingComprehension PartA Directions: Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points) Text1 Inordert
11、ochangelivesforthebetterandreducedependencyGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedtheupfrontworksearchscheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcould
12、bemorereasonable? Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseekersallowance.Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon.heclaimed.Weredoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.Help?Really?
13、Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewithreformstoanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealforfundamentalfairnessprotectingthetaxpay
14、er,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits. Losingajobishurting:youdontskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsuppor
15、tisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunempl
16、oyedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob. ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependencypermanentdependencyifyoucangetitsupportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.Theprincipleof
17、Britishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrasejobseekersallowanceinventedin1996isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasajobseekerwhohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsuranceco
18、ntributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limitedallowance,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU. 21.GeorgeOsbornesschemewasintendedto Aprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits. Bencouragejobseekersactiveengagem
19、entinjobseeking. Cmotivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily. Dguaranteejobseekerslegitimaterighttobenefits. 22.Thephrase,tosignon(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans Atocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre. Btoacceptthegovernmentsrestrictionsontheallowance. Ctoregisterf
20、oranallowancefromthegovernment. Dtoattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram. 23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme? AAdesiretosecureabetterlifeforall. BAneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed. CAnurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants. DApassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.&nb
21、sp;24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel Auneasy Benraged. Cinsulted. Dguilty. 25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree? ATheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekerslaziness. BOsbornesreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment. CThejobs
22、eekersallowancehasmettheiractualneeds. DUnemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.Text2 Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofessionwiththepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica. Dur
23、ingthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemaco
24、stlynightmare. Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthe
25、barexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard. Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalong
26、time,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowe
27、dto doso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird. Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressurefo
28、rchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically. Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirm
29、stousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow. 26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto Athegrowingdemandfromclients. Btheincre
30、asingpressureofinflation. Ctheprospectofworkinginbigfirms. Dtheattractionoffinancialrewards. 27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates? AHighertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies. BAdmissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation. CPursuingabachelor
31、sdegreeinanothermajor. DReceivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations. 28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom Alawyersandclientsstrongresistance. Btherigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession. Cthestemexamforwould-belawyers. Dnon-professionalssharpcriticism. 2
32、9.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsideredrestrictivepartlybecauseit Abansoutsidersinvolvementintheprofession. Bkeepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares. Caggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade. Dpreventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits. 30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses&n
33、bsp;AflawedownershipofAmericaslawfirmsanditscauses. BthefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica. CaprobleminAmericaslegalprofessionandsolutionstoit. DtheroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmericaslegaleducation.Text3 TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexper
34、iment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyearsawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccounts
35、ofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience. Whatsnottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepr
36、eneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-led research.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethe
37、mythofthelonegenius. Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch. AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizesbothnewandoldaredistributed.TheBr
38、eakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundationslimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchaswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhe
39、nitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy. Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearchers
40、wouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanismthatisthecultureofresearch,afterallbutitistheprize-giversmoneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.&n
41、bsp;31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas Aasymboloftheentrepreneurswealth. BapossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes. Canexampleofbankersinvestments. Dahandsomerewardforresearchers. 32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit Atheprofit-orientedscientists. Bthef
42、oundersofthenewawards. Ctheachievement-basedsystem. Dpeer-review-ledresearch. 33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves Acontroversiesovertherecipientsstatus. Bthejointeffortofmodernresearchers. Clegitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes. Dthedemonstration
43、ofresearchfindings. 34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels? ATheirendurancehasdonejusticetothem. BTheirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute. CTheyarethemostrepresentativehonor. DHistoryhasnevercastdoubtonthem. 35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare&nbs
44、p;Aacceptabledespitethecriticism. Bharmfultothecultureofresearch. Csubjecttoundesirablechanges. Dunworthyofpublicattention.Text4TheHeartoftheMatter,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciences
45、totheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereportsfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood. In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederal,
46、stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandotherstomaintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommissions51membersaretop-tier-univer
47、sitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism. Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudentsabilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffec