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1、2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they use
2、d to be. We suddenly cant remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as senior moments. 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on o
3、ur professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, areincreasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic
4、cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and
5、 fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program kee
6、ps 16 of your progress andprovides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.Awher
7、eBwhenCthatDwhy 2.AimprovesBfadesCrecoversDcollapses 3.AIfBUnlessCOnceDWhile 4.AunevenBlimitedCdamagingDobscure5.AwellbeingBenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook 6.AturnsBfindsCpointsDfigures 7.AroundaboutsBresponsesCworkoutsDassociations 8.AgenreBfunctionsCcircumstancesDcriterion 9.AchannelBconditionCse
8、quenceDprocess 10.ApersistBbelieveCexcelDfeature11.AThereforeBMoreoverCOtherwiseDHowever12.Aaccording toBregardless ofCapart fromDinsteadof13.AbackBfurtherCasideDaround 14.AsharpnessBstabilityCframeworkDflexibility 15.AforcesBremindsChurriesDallows 16.AholdBtrackCorderDpace17.A toBwithCforDon18.Airr
9、egularlyBhabituallyCconstantlyDunusually19.AcarryBputCbuildDtake20.AriskyBeffectiveCidleDfamiliar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案解析：1. 标准答案 A 考点分析 上下文语义和连词辨析选项分析 本题考查连词。根据上下文意思，首先可以排除BC D。这句话中 where 引导一个状语语从句，主要是说记不清把钥匙放在哪里了。2. 标准答案 B 考点分析 上下文语义和动词辨析选项分析 As the brain 2 we refer to t
10、hese occurrences as senior moments这句话的意思是“由于大脑 2 我们称这些现象为“瞬间性老年痴呆”，由此可以排除A 和 C。Dcollapse意为：使倒塌，使崩溃，不符合题意。fades考察熟词僻意，通常意思为褪色，逝去。还有衰老的意思，这里就考察是衰老的意思。从前文可以看出，文章讲的是随着年龄增长，大脑衰老。所以选B3. 标准答案 D 考点分析 逻辑衔接题选项分析 A if 表示假设“如果”。B Unless “除非，如果不”。COnce “一旦”。DWhile，“虽然，然而”表转折。这句话的意思是虽然表面上看起来没什么，但是危害很大，前后位转折关系，所以选
11、D。4. 标准答案 C 考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 这四个选项均为形容词，A 表示“不均匀”， B 表示“有限的”， C 表示“有破坏性的，损坏的”， D 表示“模糊的，晦涩的”。这句话意思是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们带来的影响。根据上下文的意思，可以排除 A 和 D。而“有限的影响”显然不足以表达危害的严重性，故可以排除B 选项。C “带来有害的影响”最符合作者意图。5. 标准答案 A考点分析 上下文语义和名词辨析选项分析 本句话含义是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们的职业、社交还有个人带来有害的影响。A wellbeing “幸福”。Benvironment “环境”。C relat
12、ionship “关系”。D outlook “展望”。and连接若干名词，这些名词应该为同一类，职业、社交都是和个人相关，排除B 和D，C personal relationship就是social的意思，不能重复，选择A，个人幸福。6. 标准答案 A考点分析 固定搭配选项分析 A it turns out that “原来，其实” 。Bit finds out that“本文发现”。C it points out that“指出”。D it figures out that“本文发现”。It代表神经科学，这句话的意思是越来越多的精神学家们都表示，大脑其实跟肌肉一样需要练习运动。这里给出的是
13、神经科学的结论，因此选择it turns out that7. 标准答案 C考点分析 上下文语义和名词辨析选项分析 这四个选项均为名词。A roundabouts迂回路线。Bresponses回应。Cworkouts锻炼，练习。Dassociations协会。Cworkouts锻炼，练习与前文出现的exercise都有“锻炼，练习”的意思，近义词复现，所以选C8. 标准答案 B 考点分析 上下文语义和名词辨析选项分析 这四个选项均为名词。Agenre类型，种类。Bfunctions功能。Ccircumstances情况，环境。 Dcriterion批评判断的标准、准则。这句话的意思是正确的智力
14、运动能极大地提高我们最基本的认知功能，根据语义，选择 Bfunctions功能。9. 标准答案 D 考点分析 上下文语义和名词辨析选项分析 这四个选项均为名词。A channel通道，频道。Bcondition条件。Csequence顺序，序列。Dprocess过程，步骤。根据常识，思考是一个过 程，并且通过脑神经相互接触来完成， 其他选项表示渠道、序列、条件，均不符合常识。因此正确答案是表示过程的D选项。这句话的意思是思考是大脑神经连 接必要的过程。10. 标准答案 D 考点分析 上下文语义和动词辨析选项分析 这四个选项均为动词。A persist坚持。B believe 相信。C exce
15、l超过。D feature特色。本句句意，在某种程度来讲，我们在进行神经连接(直接影响人的聪明程度)方面的特殊能力是与生俱来的。excel 有超过擅长的意思，表示在某个方面出众，放在此处符合题意，因此正确答案为B。11. 标准答案 D 考点分析 逻辑衔接题选项分析 本题需要的是一个副词，而且位于句首，因此考察的是句关系。通过前后句意义来定答案，前一句强调的是智力是与生俱来的(inherited)，而后一句则认为是可以通过脑力活动(mental effort) 会有所波动，两句意义明显相反，故正确答案为D However。12. 标准答案 A 考点分析 上下文语义和短语辨析选项分析 本题并不难，
16、可以理解为：智力可以脑力活动得到提升或出现波动。 Bregardless of “不管，不顾”不合逻辑。Capart from“除之外”也不合适。Dinstead of “代替”明显不符。故A为正确答案。13. 标准答案 B 考点分析 上下文语义和固定搭配选项分析 本题考察的是固定搭配：take a step ，能搭配只有A和C，分别指“采取进一步措施”和“让到一边去”，无论从逻辑上还是从句意上都是A符合。14. 标准答案 A 考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 本题考察的是动宾搭配：improve and regain sbsmental ，再根据前文一直在讲如何提高“智力”，因此可以排
17、除A(模式)和B(稳定性)，C(灵活性)和D(锋利性，尖锐性)容易混淆，C 有一定的干扰性，但双比之下，D更契合前文，故选D。15. 标准答案 D 考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 空格所在句的意思是说这个网络课程可以 系统地改善你的记忆力和注意力。而且此处需要填入的动词需要与to进行搭配。根据搭配关系直接排除A,B。本文的主题介绍的是使人聪明的脑力锻炼法，感情色彩是中性的，此处的D选项force排除，所以最恰当的是D。16. 标准答案 B 考点分析 上下文语义和固定搭配选项分析 空格所在句的意思是说这个培训课程还可以 学习进度，并且给予详尽的信息反馈。根据语境，空格缺少的词汇意义为跟踪
18、学习进度，分析四个选项，直接排除A hold, C order; 辨析B,D两个选项，与D选项的pace搭配的介词应该为with，即，keep pace with，所以排除，B选项为正确答案，keep track of 意思为跟踪。17. 标准答案 C 考点分析 上下文语义和介词选项分析 本题考查介词，根据空格前后语境，空格所缺少的介词意义为关于你的表现作出详细的反馈，四个选项中只有D有关于的意思。18. 标准答案 C 考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 空格所在句的意思是说更加重要的是，它会 调整并升级有关训练游戏。通过前后句的语境，所用词汇均为褒义词，所 以，从感情色彩方面可以排除A，
19、B习惯性的主语应该为人，直接排 除。B经常的，D异乎寻常的代入，发现C比较符合题意。19. 标准答案 C考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 空格所在句的意思是说它会经常调整并升级有关训练游戏，以促进脑力的不断 。本题所缺少的动词需要与介词on 搭配， A put on 穿上，增加;B carry on 执行;C build on 在基础上增加，构建;D take on 呈现;代入空格发现只有C适合，A,B,D都不与空格后面的development 相搭配。20. 标准答案 C 考点分析 上下文语义和词汇辨析选项分析 本题涉及的是一个含不定式作后定的句子，所缺词汇为形容词修饰exercise
20、 routine，根据前后情感一致的逻辑，通过后面的不定式中的关键词increase寺和vary your muscle use等信息反推所需词汇为正向词汇，直接排除A和B，D是中性，只有C(有效的)符合逻辑，故为正确答案。Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
21、Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible fo
22、r benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We
23、re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that de
24、mands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a
25、 job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with asong in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wa
26、nted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemploy
27、ed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job search and benefit a
28、dministration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance-invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed
29、as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous
30、 in the EU.21. George Osbornes scheme was intended to .A provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking. Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on” (Line
31、 3,Para.2) most probably means Ato check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.B to accept the governments restrictions on the allowance. Cto register for an allowance from the government.Dto attend a governmental job-training program.23. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?A A
32、 desire to secure a better life for all.B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C An urge to be generous to the claimants.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel Auneasy.Benraged.Cinsulted.Dguilty.25. To which of the following would
33、 the author most probably agree? AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness. BOsbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.CThe jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs. DUnemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate m
34、ore hostility than the members of any other profession-with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. T
35、he best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes thetort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is t
36、he excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate wi
37、th $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conser
38、vative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.St
39、udents who do not need the extra training could cut their debtmountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and in
40、novation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law
41、 firms wouldreduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus onimproving firms efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America shou
42、ld follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to Athe growing demand from clients. Bthe increasing pressure of inflation.Cthe prospect of working in big firms. Dthe attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American
43、states?AHigher tuition fees for undergraduate studies. BAdmissions approval from the bar association. CPursuing a bachelors degree in another major. DReceiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from Alawyers and clients strong resistance
44、.B the rigid bodies governing the profession.C the stem exam for would-be lawyers. Dnon-professionals sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because itAbans outsiders involvement in the profession. Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. Caggra
45、vates the ethical situation in the trade. Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the author mainly discussesA flawed ownership of Americas law firms and its causes.B the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America. Ca problem in Americas legal profession and solutions
46、 to it. Dthe role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number- sized bank