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1、 Face Culture in China and America and Its Influence upon Intercultural Social Communications By Ge Zhen A Thesis Submitted to College of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Under the Supervision of Professor Wei Shuili Northwest University J
2、une, 2014 西北大学学位论文知识产权声明书 本人完全了解西北大学关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定。学校 有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版。本人允许 论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西北大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内 容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存 和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所等机构将本学位论 文收录到中国学位论文全文数据库或其它相关数据库。 保密论文待解密后适用本声明。 学位论文作者签名： _指导教师签名： 參 4 叫 2W 户年 /年 厶 月汾日 西北大学学位论文独创性声明 本人声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在
3、导师指导下进行的研究工作及 取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，本 论文不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得西北大 学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对 本研究所做的任何贡献均己在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。 学位论文作者签名： 年 6 月 / g 日 随着经济全球化进程的不断加快，跨文化交际变得越来越频繁。但由于文化习俗的 差异，不同地域的人在跨文化交际中会遭遇文化冲突。胡文仲 (1999)归纳了跨文化交 际的三大障碍：认识上的误区、刻板印象和民族中心主义。 面子是文化的一个重要组成部分，它对人们的社会交际会产生很大
4、的影响。由于不 同文化背景的人对面子的认识存在差异，他们之间的交流势必会受到阻碍。如何更好地 处理跨文化社会交际中的面子问题是一个亟待解决的问题。虽然很多学者从不同领域 对此问题作过较多研究，也曾发表过大量相关的文章，但跨文化社会交际中面子问题的 研究却很少。 本文对萨莫瓦、霍夫斯泰德等人有关文化的理论，布朗、斯考伦、丁吐米、胡先 缙等人有关面子的理论进行了较为深入的探讨，并在此基础上，就中美面子文化差异 是否会影响社会交际行为这一问题进行了深层次的探讨，提出了一些新观点，既扩大了 面子理论在跨文化交际中的应用，又丰富了跨文化的内涵。 本文以电影喜宴为例，通过对比分析电影片段中社会交际的行为，
5、旨在发现面 子观是如何影响社会交际的，推导出受传统文化影响的中国人在社会交际中 更加注重 面子，并且会为了面子而做出一些违背时代潮流的事情。这些行为不但不能够被美国人 所完全理解，而且从某种程度上来说，对资源是一种极大的浪费。最后，笔者将结合 本文研究成果和国人在社会交际中受传统面子观影响的事实提出合理化建议，进而避 免中美社会交际中的面子问题，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。本文还对国人在社会交 际中由于面子问题所造成的资源浪费提出建议，以避免资源的极大浪费，促使人际交 往更加和谐。 关键词：文化差异，面子，面子文化，跨文化交际，社会交际 Abstract With the acceleratio
6、n of economic globalization, intercultural communication becomes more and more frequent. Due to different cultural conventions, people in different areas will encounter cultural conflicts in intercultural communication. Hu Wenzhong (1999) summarized three major obstacles in intercultural communicati
7、on; cognitive error, stereotype and ethnocentrism. As an important part of culture, face has a great influence on peoples social communication. Since people from different cultural backgrounds have different understanding of face, they will encounter many obstacles in social communication; hence, if
8、s urgent to deal with face problems in intercultural social communication. Although many domestic and foreign scholars in different fields have made a lot of researches on this issue and published many related articles, few researches have been conducted on face problems of intercultural social comm
9、unication. This thesis makes an overall review of the theories about culture by Hofstede, Samovar etc; and the theories about face by Goffinan, Brown & Levinson, Scollon & Scollon, and Ting-Toomey etc. On the basis of these researches, the author makes an in-depth study on face culture in China and
10、America and its influence on intercultural communication. Meanwhile, the author puts forward some new ideas, which will not only enlarge the application of face theory in intercultural communication, but also enrich the connotation of cross-culture. Based on the movie The Wedding Banquet? the author
11、 makes a comparative analysis of the behaviors of Chinese and Americans in the process of social communication in order to find how the concept of face influences the social communicative behavior. The author finds that Chinese excessively pay more attention to their faces in the process of social c
12、ommunication and do something violating the trend of thrift, which can9t be completely understood by Americans. To some extent, it is a waste of resources. In the end, on the basis of the research results, the author gives some reasonable suggestions to people who are from different cultural backgro
13、unds with the purpose of facilitating a smooth intercultural communication. What5s more, the author gives suggestions to people who often maintain and enhance their face in social communication and do something violating the trend of thrift so as to avoid the waste of resources and promote a harmoni
14、ous interpersonal relationship. Key words： cultural differences； , face, face culture, intercultural communication, social communication Table of Contents 顧 . i Abstract . ii Table of Contents . iv Chapter One Introduction .1 1.1 Background of the Research . 1 1.2 Significance of the Research . 2 1.
15、3 Purpose of the Research . . . 3 1.4 Structure of the Thesis .3 Chapter Two Literature Review.4 2.1 Theories Related to Intercultural Communication . 4 2.1.1 Definitions Related to this Thesis . 4 2.1.1.1 . Definition of Culture . 4 2.1.1.2 Definition of Communication .5 2.1.1.3 Definition of Inter
16、cultural Communication .5 2.1.2 Dimensions of Culture .6 2.2 Theories Related to Face .8 2.2.1 Western Perspective of Face .8 2.2.1 1 Goffinans Theory of Face and Social Interaction . 8 2.2.1.2 Brown & Levinson Theory of Face and Politeness Strategies . 10 2.2.1J Scollon & Scollons Theory of Paradox
17、 of Face and Politeness System .12 2.2.1.4 Stella Ting-Toomey Theory of Face Negotiation. 13 2.2.2 Chinese Perspectives of Face .14 2.2.2.1 The Concept of Chinese Face .14 222.2 Characteristics of the Chinese Face .16 2.223 The Function of Chinese Face .17 2.2.3 Summary 18 Chapter Three Differences
18、between Chinese and American Face Culture . 20 3.1 Face Culture in China and America . 20 3.1.1 Face Culture in China . 20 3.1.2 Face Culture in America . 21 3.2 Roots for Different Perspectives and Reflections of Face Culture . 22 3.2.1 Socio-cultural Environment . 22 3.2.1.1 Chinese Social culture
19、 . 22 3.2.1.2 American Social culture . 23 3.2.2 Geographical Environment . 24 3.2.2.1 Chinese Geographical Environment. 25 3.2.2.2 American Geographical Environment . 26 3.3 Summary . 27 Chapter Four Methodology and Results . . . 29 4.1 Sample Research . 29 4.1.1 . Introduction of the Movie The Wed
20、ding Banquet . 29 4.1.2 . Research on Face Problems in the Movie . 30 4.1.2.1 Research on Face Problems in Wedding Banquet . 31 4.1.2.2 Research on Face Problems in Gift-giving . 32 4.1.2.3 Research on Face Problems in Proposing a Toast . 34 4.2 Contrastive Analysis and Discussion . . . 36 4.2-1 The
21、 Differences of Chinese and American Wedding Banquet . 36 4.2.1.1 American Wedding Banquet . 36 4.2.1.2 Chinese Wedding Banquet . 37 4.2.1.3 Sumarry . 38 4.2.2 The Differences of Chinese and American Gift-giving . 38 4.2.2.1 American Gift-giving . 39 4222 Chinese Gift-giving . 39 4.2.23 Summary . 41
22、 4.2.3 The Differences of Chinese and American Toasting Culture . 41 4.2.3.1 American Toasting Culture . 41 V 4.2.3.2 Chinese Toasting Culture . 42 4.2.3.3 Summary . 43 4.3 The Current Social Morality in China . 43 Chapter Five Conclusion . 45 5.1 Major Findings . 45 5.2 Suggestions . 46 5.2_1 Sugge
23、stions on How to Facilitate a Smooth Intercultural Communication“ 46 5.2.2 Suggestions on Social Communication in China . 47 5.3 Limitations of this Study and Further Research . 48 Bibliography . 50 攻读硕士研究生期间取得的学术成果 . 53 Acknowledgements . 54 西北大学硕士学位论文 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background of the
24、 Research With the acceleration of economic globalization, intercultural communication becomes more and more frequent. People in different areas will encounter cultural conflicts in intercultural communication. Hu Wenzhong (1999) summarized three major obstacles in intercultural communication: cogni
25、tive error, stereotype and ethnocentrism. In order to maintain a harmonious interpersonal relationship and achieve a successful communication, politeness should be considered. Most importantly, in the actual verbal commxmication, there is a polite cultural phenomenonface culture. Face exists in vari
26、ous countries, and it forms a unique face culture in China. The connotation and manifestation of face cxxlture are totally different, which leads to the fact that people in different cultural backgrounds have different understandings of face. Chinese emphasize the value of collectivism and highlight
27、 personal awareness, personal social status and harmonious relationships among all the members. Moreover, they point out that individuals should subordinate to the society and pay attention to the positive face. Americans emphasize the value of individualism, and they highlight the pursuance of self
28、-spirit, the realization of self-value, the satisfaction of self-desire and self-JBreedom. Individual desire exceeds that of the collective, and individuals wouldnt like to give up his or her own benefits for the collective. In the process of intercultural communication, there often come the face co
29、nflicts or the situation of face threatening because of different cultural backgrounds. Face problems will directly ajBFect the communication and determine whether it is able to effectively proceed or not. It is urgent to understand the differences of face culture between China and America, for it p
30、lays a decisive role on the success of intercultural communication. However, the author finds that the study of face only focused on the pure theoretical research and their opinions are divergent, thus, they can reach an agreement on the concept of face. Theories related to face haven been put into
31、the actual phenomenon and got an Chapter One Introduction affirmation. Therefore, the author will analyze the theoretical face problems as well as penetrate face problems into daily life with practice to test truth. Through the analysis and comparison of the social communication between Chinese and
32、American, this thesis is to find how the concept of face influences the intercultural social interaction. In the end, on the basis of the research results, the author gives some reasonable suggestions to people who are from different cultural backgrounds with the purpose of facilitating a smooth intercultural communication. Whafs mo