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1、 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 Abstract Upon the coming of Western “cultural turn” in the 1970s， theoreticians in Western translation fields were able to conduct theoretical explorations and do researches on its construction from culture, poetics, history and politics, etc. and lots of corresponding results were gai
2、ned from their efforts. As one of the major products of the cultural turn, the core theory of Skopos Theory was thought to be the idea that translation is an act and even one carrying with specific purpose. In this way the creation of the target text surpassed the limitation of conventional equivale
3、nce theory in translation, that is, the form and content of the target text is flexible. The controversy over the strategies of domestication and foreignization has always been the major issue in the translation field home and abroad. Take the situations in China, for example. Since the translation
4、practice of Buddhist scriptures, the dispute about Wen and Zhi thus became the origin of the controversy over the domestication and foreignization in contemporary China. The main reason lies in that the adoption of different translation strategies will directly affect the acceptance of the translate
5、d text. Also, the cultural connotation of domestication and foreignization is further beyond the language form of the text, carrying different cultural factors from different nations, thus having the characteristics of inclusiveness and variability, wider than literal and free translation in researc
6、h content. On the other, the controversy over domestication and foreignizationn has been running through the history of Chinese translation study; applying various kinds of theories, theorists from different schools and times have done a large number of researches on it, which makes the problem of d
7、omestication and foreignization become familiar but difficult to study. In this thesis Skopos Theory, the everlasting updated translation theory is adopted as an attempt to sort and interpret the controversy in an anticipation of retracing the decisive function of the translation development in Chin
8、a for the choice of domestication and foreignization and to demonstrate that domestication is the banner of the mainstream literary discourse in modem China (1840-1919), foreignization is the instrument for the reconstruction of cultural formation in modem China (1919-1949) and the integration and u
9、nification of domestication and foreignization is the weathervane of cultural diversity in contemporary China (1950-). Superficially, domestication and foreignization looks like the distinction between different nationalities and countries in language forms; whereas both of them in 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 esse
10、nce are an epitome in international relations. In this thesis the novel Wuthering Heights by the 19th century English authoress Emily Bronte was selected as a source text, and the translated versions of Chinese translator Yang Yi (1950s) and Fang Ping (1980s) as the target texts to explain that the
11、cultural discourse in different times will have different guiding functions on the choice of translation theories. In Conclusion, the thesis was summarized as the entry point of translation studies, the use of domestication and foreignization will go unified together in the future China, and the gui
12、ding theory in the thesis, Skopos Theory has fairly definite purposefulness and feasibility for the choice of domestication and foreignization. Western translation theory stresses analysis and dialectic thinking, while Chinese translation theory lays emphasis on experience and comprehension. Hence,
13、the act of studying Chinese translation theory integrated with that of Western can not only be a helpful means in the modification of the subjectivity in Chinese theory, but also Western translation theories can be utilized in the rethinking of the advantages and merits in Chinese translation theori
14、es; thus Chinese translation fields will be continuously renewed and developed by the later theories. Key Words: Domestication Foreignization Skopos Theory Western and Chinese Translation Theory 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 摘要 随着 20 世纪 70 年 代西方翻译研究的 “文化转向 ”的到来，西方的翻译研究 得以从文化、诗学、历史和政治等方面进行翻译的理论探索和研究，并取得了很 多相应的成果，翻译目的
15、论作为文化转向的产物之一，其理论核心在于认为翻译 是一种行为，并且是一种带有目的性的行为，因此目的语文本的创作超越了以往 的对等理论的限制，即目的语文本的形式和内容是灵活可变的。 归化和异化翻译策略历来是国内外翻译界争执不休的一个话题。以中国为 例，自佛经翻译肇始， “文 ”、 “质 ”之争就成为当代中国归化和异化之争的源起。 这是因为，采用不同的翻译策略会直接影响译本的 接受效果。而归化和异化的内 涵超出了文本的语言层面，携带了国家间不同的文化因素，因此具有包容性和变 化性的特点，在研究内容上比直译和意译更加宽广。另一方面，归化和异化的争 端问题，一直贯穿中国译论史的始终，不同时代、不同流派
16、的理论家们己经运用 不同理论对其进行了大量的研究，因此，对归化和异化的问题的研究和讨论是一 个既熟悉又难做的课题。 本论文试图运用处于不断发展变化中的翻译目的论，以归化和异化这对术语 在西方的由来为线索，纵观中国译论史上各个具有代表性的阶段中起主导作用的 文化主体对翻译策略的不同倾向，对 由此引发的归化和异化之争进行理论上的梳 理和解读，以期从一个崭新的视角来反观中国译论发展过程中对归化和异化的决 定作用的文化因素，说明归化是中国近代主流文学话语的旗帜，异化是现代文化 形态重构的工具，两者的融合和统一是当代文化多元化的风向标。归化和异化的 翻译策略表面上是不同民族和国家在语言形态上的差异，二者
17、更是国际关系方面 的一个缩影。本文选用了 19 世纪英国女作家艾米莉 勃朗特的小说呼啸山庄 作为源语文本，中国译者杨苡 （ 50 年代）和方平 （ 80 年代）的译本作为研究的 目的语文本，以实例研究不同时代文学话语的要求对归化和异化的指导作用。 在结论部分，本论文总结了归化和异化的翻译策略作为研究的切入点，在中 国未来的走向是融合和统一，且翻译目的论对译者的翻译策略的选择如归化和异 化具有十分明确的目的性和可行性。西方译论重理论分析和辩证思维，中国译论 重经验和悟性；因此，结合西方译论来研究中国译论，不仅可以修正中国译论中 的经验主体，还可以借西方译论反观中国译论的优势和长处，以使中国译论不
18、断 地更新和发展。 关键词：归化异化翻译目的论中西译论 HI 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 Contents Abstract . I . Ill Introduction. 1 Chapter One Literature Review . 4 LI Concepts of Language, Culture and Translation. 4 1.2 Relations Among Language, Culture and Translation . 5 1.3 Relevant Foreign Research . 6 1A Relevant Domestic Research . 8
19、Chapter Two Theoretical Foundations . 13 2.1 Text Typology . 13 2.2 Core Ideas of Skopos Theory . 16 2.2.1 Skopos Rule . 17 2.2.2 Intratextual Coherence . 18 2.2.3 Intertextual Coherence . 18 2.2.4 Translatorial Action . 19 2.3 Modifications and Supplements . 20 2.3.1 Function plus Loyalty . 20 2.3.
20、2 Documentary Translation and Instrumental Translation . 21 2.3.3 Translation-oriented Text Analysis . 21 Chapter Three Deep Understanding of Domestication and Foreignization . 24 3.1 Origins and Definitions . 24 3.2 Explanatory Power of Skopos Theory in China . . . 27 3.2.1 Starting Point of the Di
21、spute . 29 3.2.2 Domestication in Modem China. 31 3.2.3 Foreignization in Modem China. 34 3.2.4 Domestication and Foreignization in Contemporary China . 36 Chapter Four A Case Study of Two Versions . 43 4.1 Skopos Theory and Literary Translation . 43 4.2 Position of the Original . 45 4.3 A Comparati
22、ve Analysis . 48 4.3.1 Text Interpretation . 49 4.3.2 Text Function and Cultural Distance. 52 IV _ 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 _ 4.3.3 Text Form and Text Effect . 57 Conclusion . 65 Acknowledgements . 67 Bibliography . 68 作者简介 . 72 攻读硕士学位期间研究成果 . 72 原创性声明 . 73 论文使用授权声明 . 73 v r 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 Introduction Since the
23、emergence of cultural communication activity among various peoples and nations of humanity, translation as a necessary media for communication has been playing an indispensable part in the aspects of politics, economy and culture, etc. Among those aspects, literature, the art of language, has got wi
24、de approval for its function in bringing spiritual enjoyment to the inner world of human beings. People can gain and spread knowledge, and even educate others through literary works. Thence, the function of literary translation carrying and transmitting specific cultures cannot be ignored, either. T
25、he discussion of translation will inevitably be concerned with its methods, strategies and theories, etc. However, in different historical periods, people hold different translation views for literature, the function of which changes along with the processing of the age; so does the translation meth
26、ods, strategies and one attitude towards the original and the translated works (Xie Tianzhen et al., 2009: 11). In different periods of a nation, the same literary works will have different translated versions in the aspect of subject matter, language form, content, and style, etc. The existence of
27、translation action makes the continuously improved and renewed translation theories possible; translation theory can guide translation practice, and translation practice will in return promote the development of translation theories. The development of translation theory will inevitably lead to tran
28、slation problems, in which the choice of translation methods or strategies will be the main issue. By a review of Western and Chinese translation history, it can be found that the controversy over domestication and foreignization is a common issue in the two worlds. Western dispute over domesticatio
29、n and foreignization originates in the argument over “word-for-word” translation and “sense-for-sense” translation in ancient Roman period. Till the 20th century, Nidas equivalence theory in translation which tends to be domesticating translation conflicts bitterly with Venutis resistant foreignizin
30、g translation. And Western controversy over domestication and foreignization began. The relations between domestication and foreignization tend to be a binary opposition. In China, the dispute derives from the translation practice of Buddhist scriptures which is called “Wen and Zhi” for their differ
31、ent inclinations towards different translation methods. Since the theories evolved into modem China, Yan Fus “信达雅 ”， Lu Xuns “信而不顺 ” and Liang Shiqius “顺而不信 ， Qian Zhongshus “神似 ， ， and Fu Leis 化境 ” etc, centered on one essential point in 长春工业大学硕士学位论文 translation, that is, the choice of domesticatio
32、n and foreignization by the translator. Through the observation of Chinese translation theory we can know that to a great extent it is the summary of the experiences from generations of Chinese translators, most of whom are also literary writers. And in Chinese translation theory the thought of mean
33、ings, comprehension, and subjectivity which are from Chinese philosophy is considered as a guiding line. Compared with China, a variety of schools can be found from Western translation theories, the most typical ones being the philological school, the philosophical school, the linguistic school, the
34、 Skopos Theory, the Polysystem Theory, and the cultural school. In its theoretical statements and the numbers of terms Western translation theories also account for a considerable part in scale. Characteristics of strong dialectical logic can be found in its general theories. In this thesis, the tra
35、ditional controversy over domestication and foreignization in Chinese translation history from the perspective of Skopos Theory which appeared in the 1970s Germany was studied in more detail. The theory belongs to the sixth stage of the theoretical development in Western translation field, and it is
36、 one of the products in the highlights of Western translation development. Skopos Theory is more dynamic and flexible in its survey of translation process and the involved elements than other Western translation theories that are more dialectic which show typical Western features of thought. Further
37、, Skopos Theory sprang up during the cultural turn” in translation study, meaning that its study of translation is in a wider vision. By adaptation of Skopos Theory， Chinese translation theory and its history which started since the Buddhist scriptures translation can be observed, and the translatio
38、n strategies of domestication and foreignization on what functions and significance the two of them have exerted under Chinese cultural framework (especially in literature) were discussed. By an incorporation of Western translation theory, Chinese translation history and theory was reviewed and rethought and theoretical explorations and practical proof (the comparativ