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1、2022年年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析 2022年考研英语一真题及答案具体解析 2022年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案具体解析 Section I Use of English : Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins
2、, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _1,932 unique subjects which _pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.
3、 The same people were used in both_. While 1% may seem_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_our kin.” The study_found that the genes f
4、or smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _us in choosing gene
5、tically similar friends_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_than other genes Studying this could help_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_factor
6、. The findings do not simply explain peoples_to befriend those of similar_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 1. A when B why C
7、how D what 2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3. A for B with C on D by 4. A compared B sought C separated D connected 5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples 6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible 7. A visit B miss C seek D know 8. A resemble B influence C favor D
8、surpass 9. A again B also C instead D thus 10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike 12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15. A later Bslower C faster D
9、earlier 16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic 20. A see B show C prove D tell Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read
10、 the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the rece
11、nt Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments
12、 both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity
13、 polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms . But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial
14、 but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other econo
15、mists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and prin
16、cesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses . Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,
17、it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.
18、 He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies. 21. According to the first
19、two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support B was unpopular among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status
20、B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to look up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobili
21、ty in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges 24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles A takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potentia
22、l allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats Text 2 Just how
23、much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularl
24、y one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californ
25、ias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital
26、information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone ma
27、y contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sens
28、itive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challeng
29、e of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data
30、are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of th
31、e Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the
32、 passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents. B search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant. C chec
33、k suspects phone contents without being authorized. Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones. 27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A disapproval. B indifference. C tolerance. Dcautiousness. 28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to
34、 A getting into ones residence. B handling ones historical records. C scanning ones correspondences. D going through ones wallet. 29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed. B the court is giving police less room for action. C citizens p
35、rivacy is not effectively protected. D phones are used to store sensitive information. 30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that A the Constitution should be implemented flexibly. B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. CCalifornias argument violates principles of
36、the Constitution. Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be altered Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread conc
37、ern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appoin
38、ted seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors. Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manu
39、scripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in
40、the research we publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel
41、, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.” John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says th
42、at the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he
43、 noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published
44、research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2022, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some paper
45、s to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”. 31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that A Science intends to simplify their peer-review process. B journals are strengthening thei
46、r statistical checks. C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis. D lack of data analysis is common in research projects. 32. The phrase “flagged up” is the closest in meaning to A found. B marked. C revised. D stored. 33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE
47、 may A pose a threat to all its peers. B meet with strong opposition. C increase Sciences circulation. Dset an example for other journals. 34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A adds to researchers workload. B diminishes the role of reviewers. C has room for further improvement. Dis to fail in the foreseeable future 35. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers. B Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D Statisticians Are Coming Back wit