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1、2021年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析20_年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析 20_年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析 Section I Use of English : Directions: Read the follog te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth c
2、ousins, sharing about 1 of genes.That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and u
3、nrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1 may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geicist.As James Fowler, professor of medical geics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.” The stu
4、dy_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity e_ists in smell genes is difficult to e_plain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms work
5、ing together that _(12)_us in choosing geically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the las
6、t 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply e_plain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European e_traction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,
7、friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1.A when B why C how D what 2.A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3.A for B with C on D by 4.A pared B sought C separated D connected 5.A tests B objects Csles D e_les 6.A insignificant B une_pected Cunbelievable D incredible 7.A vi
8、sit B miss C seek D know 8.A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9.A again B also C instead D thus 10.A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11.A about B to Cfrom Dlike 12.A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13.A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 14.A chances Brespons
9、es Cmissions Dbenefits 15.A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16.Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand De_press 17.A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18.A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19.A political B religious C ethnic D economic 20.A see B show C prove D tell Section
10、II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Te_t 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and
11、 the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majest
12、ic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was follog the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this arent transcendence of politics tha
13、t e_plains monarchs continuing popularity polarized.And also, the Middle East e_cepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived b
14、ecause they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensibl
15、e privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchi
16、es strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.Whi
17、le Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to e, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish e_le.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will e with Charle
18、s, who has both an e_pensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it i
19、s kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support B was unpopular among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 22.Monarchs are kep
20、t as heads of state in Europe mostly A og to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to look up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the follog is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph
21、4? A Aristocrats e_cessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges 24.The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles A takes a rough line on political issues
22、 B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 25.Which of the follog is the best title of the te_t? A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace bined B Charles, An_ious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos, a Lesson for All European
23、 Monarchs DCharles, Slow to React to the ing Threats Te_t 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California
24、has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technol
25、ogies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that e_plo
26、ring the contents of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But e_ploring ones smart
27、 phone is more like entering his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and prehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of “cloud puting,” meanwhile, has made that e_ploration so much the easier.Americans should take ste
28、ps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to e_pect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the cas
29、e, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drag.In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take r
30、easonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New, disruptive technology
31、sometimes demands novel lications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr, a law professor, pares the e_plosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules
32、 for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment lies to digital information now.26.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B search for suspects mobile pho
33、nes without a warrant.C check suspects phone contents without being authorized.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A disroval.B indifference.C tolerance.Dcautiousness.28.The author believes that e_ploring ones phone contents
34、 is parable to A getting into ones residence.B handling ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly e_pressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C cit
35、izens privacy is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information.30.Orin Kerrs parison is ted to indicate that A the Constitution should be implemented fle_ibly.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the
36、Constitution.Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be altered Te_t 3 The journal Science is adding an e_tra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern th
37、at basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has ointed seven e
38、_perts to a statistics board of revieg editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its e_isting Board of Revieg Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find e_ternal statisticians to review these manuscripts.Aske
39、d whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the lication of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we
40、publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group.He says he e_pects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and like
41、ly to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their roach after Science.” John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a m
42、ost wele step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than e_pert review,” he says.But he noted that biomedical jou
43、rnals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are e_pected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly mon in published research, according to David V
44、au_, a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 20_, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.Vau_ says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some meri
45、t, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of revieg editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that A Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C few journals are
46、 blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D lack of data analysis is mon in research projects.32.The phrase “flagged up” (Para.2) is the closest in meaning to A found.B marked.C revised.D stored.33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may A pose a threat to all its peers.B me
47、et with strong opposition.C increase Sciences circulation.Dset an e_le for other journals.34.David Vau_ holds that what Science is doing now A adds to researchers workload.B diminishes the role of reviewers.C has room for further improvement.Dis to fail in the foreseeable future 35.Which of the follog is the best title of the te_t? A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.B Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C Data Anal