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1、复习限制性定语从句编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞概念引入 定语从句是我们从初中学到高一，又从高一学到高二，可能是出现最频繁的语法项目，在这个单元里，我们复习一下定语从句的用法，重点复习运用限制性定语从句时的注意要点。 先看下面句子： 1. I know youre dying to hear all about my life here, so Ive included some photos which will help you picture the places I talked about. 2. The boys who had never come across anything l
2、ike this before started jumping out of the windows. 3. We walked for two and a half hours to get there first up a mountain to a ridge from where we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below.4. The only possessions I could see were one broom, a few tin plates and cups and a c
3、ouple of jars.这些句子中斜体词部分就是定语从句，其中句1中包括两个定语从句： which引导的修饰photos； the places后的I talked about是省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰the places。句2中who引导的定语从句修饰boys；句3中是where引导的定语从句修饰a ridge；句4中I could see是省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰possessions。下面我们就来对限制性定语从句的用法进行梳理和总结。为了不影响分析，下文中简单的句子，就不译成汉语了用法讲解定语从句及相关名词的定义1. 什么是定语从句？ 指在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中的名
4、词或代词的从句。定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2. 先行词：即被修饰的名词、代词或短语，定语从句通常置于在先行词之后。3. 引导词：定语从句的引导词也称为关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词两种，放定语从句前，引出定语从句。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作一定的成分。关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as关系副词：when, where, why(此处为空白，为了表格完整留出)关系代词和关系副词的用法常见关系代词和关系副词用法表先行词物人人、物地点时间reason从句中的成分主语宾语主语宾语定语地点状语时间状语原因状语关系代词whichtha
5、twhowhomwhose关系副词wherewhenwhy注：as用法特殊，没有列入表中。选择关系代词的步骤：1. 找到定语从句和先行词；2. 把先行词放定语从句中确定要填的关系代词或副词作什么成分，注意介词的位置；3. 确定是否是特殊用法；4. 选择合适的关系代词或关系副词。小口诀：一看指人还是物二看介词在何处三看句中作何用四看是否属特殊试填细解试在下面句子中填入关系词：1. This is the detective _ came from London.2. The lady _ they wanted to visit is a scientist.3. The book _I am
6、reading is written by Tomas Hardy.4. This is the room _ Shakespeare was born in.5. The desk _ leg is broken is very old.6. I will never forget the day _ I met the famous astronaut.7. Everyone wants to visit the place _ Premier Zhou once worked.8. We dont know the reason _they didnt keep their promis
7、e.分析：1. This is the detective who/that came from London.先行词是人，关系词代表先行词在从句中作主语，填入who或that。2. The lady whom/that they wanted to visit is a scientist.先行词是人，关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语，填入whom或that。3. The book which/that I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.先行词是物，关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语，填入which或that。4. This is the room th
8、at/which Shakespeare was born in.先行词是物，关系词代表先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语，in没有提前，填入that或which。5. The desk whose leg is broken is very old.关系词代表先行词在从句中作定语，填whose，相当于“桌子的（腿）”。6. I will never forget the day when I met the famous astronaut.先行词是时间，关系词代表the day在从句中作时间状语，即“在这一天”，填when。7. Everyone wants to visit the plac
9、e where Premier Zhou once worked.先行词是地点，关系词代表the place在从句中作地点状语，即“在这个地方”，填where。8. We dont know the reason why they didnt keep their promise.先行词是reason，关系词代表the reason在从句中作原因状语，即“因为这个原因（for the reason”，填why。重点提示：1. 选择关系词的关键是看它代替先行词在定语从句中所做的成分，切忌只看先行词，相同的先行词可能需要不同的关系词连接从句。如：1. Ill never forget the da
10、ys _ we studied in the university.2. Ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the university.分析：句1填when，因为days在定语从句中作状语，即“在那些日子里，我们在大学学习”；句2填that或which，也可以省略，因为days是spent的宾语，即“spent the days together in the university（一起在大学度过那些日子）”。2. 近几年的高考题中，定语从句表示时间或地点的先行词经常考查一些较陌生的词，如: 1）先行词 situation（情况
11、，位置）, point （要点，地点）, case （实例、情况）在定语从句中作状语时，应该where来引导；2）先行词occasion（时刻），period（时期，课时）, festival（节日）等在定语从句中作时间状语时，用when来引导。Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们尽力达到双方都能够坐下来谈话的程度。（where表示“在这个要点上”） I can think of many cases where students obviously knew
12、 a lot of English words but couldnt write a good essay. （where表示“在这些案例中”）我能想出学生了解很多英语单词但不能写一篇很好的论文的情况。Describe an occasion when you had to give a presentation to an audience. 描述一种你必须向观众展示的场合。（when表示“在这种场合”）【高清课堂：复习定语从句-that和which的互换】要点关注1：that还是which？. 改错：读句子，找到问题。1. The man just said hello to me is
13、 my chemistry teacher. 刚刚问我好的那个人是我的化学老师。分析：先行词the man 在定语从句中作主语，从句中just前少了必不可少的关系代词who或that。）答案：just前加who/that2. Egypt is a country where is famous for its pyramids. 埃及是一个以金字塔著名的国家。 分析：先行词country在定语从句中作主语，应用表示物的关系代词表示，不能用关系副词）答案：where which/that 3. This is the best dictionary which I have ever used.
14、 这是我用过的最好的词典。 分析：先行词dictionary在从句中作宾语，但是因为有最高级the best修饰，要把which换成that。答案：which that4. The house where we live in is not very large. 我们住的房子不是很大。 分析：先行词house在从句中作in的宾语（live in the house），所以把where改成which/that。注意介词如果在从句中，也可以用that，而介词提前，不能用that，即where=in which。 答案：where which/ that或去掉in5. The house that
15、 it was built in 1970 stayed up in the earthquake. 这座建于1970年的房子地震后依然矗立着。分析：that代替the house在从句中作主语，与it重复，应去掉it。答案：去掉it. 有多少种情况只能用that而不能用which呢？a. 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词；b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰；c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；d. 先行词被the o
16、nly, the very, the last 修饰时；e. 有两个或两个以上的分别表示人和物的先行词；f. 当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句时。 试一试：填空1. The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle _ were in the fields.2. The wind blew down the tallest tree _ is in front of our school gate.3. This is the very thing _ I was looking for.4. This is the secon
17、d novel _ I have ever read.5. There is nothing in the world _ can frighten me.6. Who is the man _ is reading under the tree?答案与分析：1. 先行词有人和动物，且在从句中作主语，用that，如果在童话故事中，用who也可以。2. 先行词有最高级修饰，在从句中作主语，用that。3. 先行词有the very修饰，在从句中作宾语，用that或不填。4. 先行词有序数词the second修饰，在从句中作宾语，用that或不填。5. 先行词是不定代词，在从句中作主语，用tha
18、t，不能省略。6. 主句由who提问，先行词在从句中作主语，用that。 . 宜用which引导的定语从句 1. 关系词是介词宾语，且介词提前时，要用which。The house in which they lived last year has been rebuilt.他们去年住的那座房子已经重修了。2. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which。He bought a railway ticket for the woman, which helped her a lot.他为这位妇人买了火车票，那对她帮助很大。注意：一定注意关系词代表先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，才有that或wh
19、ich的选择，如果作定语或状语，则应用whose或关系副词等。要点关注2：as引导限制性定语从句1. as引导定语从句常用于the same. as.，such. as.，as. as.，so. as.结构中。2. as的先行词既可是人，也可以是物。3. as在从句中常作主语、宾语等。I have never heard such a story as he told. 我从没有听过他讲的那样的故事。This is the same book as I lost last week. 这本书和我上周丢的那本一样。注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导从句，但意思不同。Sh
20、e wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. （同一条）她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. （同样的）她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。要点关注3：介词+which/ whom关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，从句由“介词which/whom”引出。The film of which Im speaking is to be shown at the Peoples Cinema next week
21、.我正在谈的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映。This is the old man from whom weve learnt a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老人。It was an agreement the details of which (=whose details) could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。注意：有时介词前可能添加名词、代词、数词等。1. whose与of which/ whom whose引导定语从句时，可以用of which/ whom代替。如： 一座窗户朝南的房子 a house whose windows
22、face south a house the windows of which face south a house of which the windows face south2. 关系副词与“介词+which” 关系副词when，where，why常用“介词+which”代替。如： There used to be a time at which/ during which/ when he stayed in my house. 曾有一段时间他在我家住。 These are the few points where/ to which we disagree with each oth
23、er. 这就是我们之间有分歧的几点。 Theres no reason for which/ why we shouldnt be friends. 我们没有理由不成为朋友。3. 介词的确定 1）依据习惯搭配确定 I bought a great many books, on which I spent most of my money. 我买了很多书，这些书花了我多数的钱。2）依据与先行词的搭配的具体意义确定。Jill once worked in the company in which the cars are produced now.吉尔曾在生产这种汽车的那家公司工作。The col
24、orless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。注意：总之，把先行词放定语从句中，看缺少什么介词就用什么介词。4. 不能提前的介词有些“动词+介词”的短语不能把介词提前，否则会失去动词短语的意义，如take care of，look for，look after等。 This is the right CD which Im looking for. 这就是我正找的CD。要点关注4：关系词的省略1. 关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有时可以省略：1）关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时。
25、The lady（whom/that）they wanted to visit is a scientist.他们想要访问的那个女士是科学家。2) 关系代词在从句中作表语时。After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be.二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年淘气的男孩子了。3）关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，且介词没有提前时。The man（whom/ that）you talked with is my friend. 你与之交谈的那个人是我朋友。2. 关系副词的省略先行词是the way，t
26、he place，the places，the time，the day等，有时用that代替when，where，介词+which，而且可以省略。先行词the reason后的关系副词why也有时省略。The way (that/ in which) he answered the question was surprising.他回答这个问题的方式很让人吃惊。I have never been to the places (that/ where/ in which) the Indians live.我从来没有去过印第安人居住的地方。I should not have wasted so much time (that/ during which) I should have studied.我浪费了那么多本应该用来学习的时间。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。