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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Do you know that we have 1.4 million cellular radio mastsdeployed worldwide?你知道 全世界有一千四百万 无线电信号发射塔吗?00:15And these are base stations.而且还有信号站.00:22And we also have more than five billion of these devices here.我们还有超过 五十亿的 像这样的设备.00:24These are cellular mobile phones.蜂窝式移动电话.00:30And with
2、these mobile phones,we transmit more than 600terabytes of data every month.我们每个月 要用这些手机传输超过600 万亿字节的数据.00:33This is a 6 with 14 zeroes-a very large number.就是一个6后面跟14个0 这是个非常大的数字.00:39And wireless communications has become a utility likeelectricity and water.而且无线通讯 已经变成了像水和电 一样的基本生活必需品.00:43We use it
3、 everyday.We use it in our everyday lives now-inour private lives,in our business lives.我们每天都用它.我们生活中用得着,私人生活和工作中也依赖它.00:51And we even have to be asked sometimes,very kindly,toswitch off the mobile phone at events like this for goodreasons.有些时候出于必要 我们还会被和气地要求把手机关掉 就像今天这样的场合.00:56And its this importa
4、nce why I decided to look into the issuesthat this technology has,because its so fundamental to ourlives.我决定关注这个话题 的原因是很重要的 那是因为这项技术 对我们的生活非常重要01:05cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的/n.移动电话;单元 masts:船船桅/船桅杆(mast的复数形式)deployed:v.部署(deploy的过去式);展开 terabytes:n.兆兆字节(信息量度单位,terabyte的复数)wireless:adj.无线的;无线电的/n.无
5、线电/vt.用无线电报与联系;用无线电报发送/vi.打无线电报;打无线电话 switch off:(用开关)关掉;切断(电源)And one of the issues is capacity.还有一个问题是容量问题01:14The way we transmit wireless data is by usingelectromagnetic waves-in particular,radio waves.我们现在用来传输无线数据的方式是 电磁波,更准确地是无线电波01:16And radio waves are limited.无线电波是有局限性的01:22They are scarce;
6、they are expensive;and we only have acertain range of it.它稀少又昂贵,而且我们只有一定的范围可以使用01:24And its this limitation that doesnt cope with the demand ofwireless data transmissions and the number of bytes anddata which are transmitted every month.这个限制,使其不能满足 利用无线数据传输的 每个月大量的字节和数据01:30And we are simply running
7、 out of spectrum.而且它能使用的范围也都已经被利用了01:39Theres another problem.还有一个问题01:41That is efficiency.就是能效01:43These 1.4 million cellular radio masts,or base stations,consume a lot of energy.这些一百四十万个无线信号发射塔或者是基站,要消耗大量的能量01:45And mind you,most of the energy is not used to transmit theradio waves,it is used to
8、cool the base stations.还要指出的是,这其中大部分的能量 并不是用来传输无线电波的,而是用在冷却基站的01:50Then the efficiency of such a base station is only at about fivepercent.这样的一个基站的效率 大概只有百分之五01:57electromagnetic:adj.电磁的 in particular:尤其,特别 cope with:处理,应付 transmissions:n.电子计传输;机变速器(transmission的复数)bytes:n.计字节;位元组,字节数(byte的复数)spectr
9、um:n.光谱；频谱；范围；余象And that creates a big problem.这就是个大问题02:02Then theres another issue that youre all aware of.还有一个大家都知道的问题02:05You have to switch off your mobile phone during flights.那就是坐飞机的时候你得 把手机关了02:08In hospitals,they are security issues.在医院里,还有安全问题02:12And security is another issue.数据的安全性是另一个问题
10、02:15These radio waves penetrate through walls.这些无线电波能穿透墙面02:18They can be intercepted,and somebody can make use ofyour network if he has bad intentions.它就能被截获,有人就可以利用你的网络 干些坏事什么的02:20So these are the main four issues.这就是主要的四个问题02:27But on the other hand,we have 14 billion of these:lightbulbs,light.
11、另一方面,我们有一百四十亿个 灯泡02:29TED演讲者：Harald Haas|哈拉尔德.哈斯演讲标题：Harald Haas:Wireless data from every light bulb|用每一个灯泡传输无线信号内容概要：Harald Haas is the pioneer behind a new type of light bulb that can communicate aswell as illuminate access the Internet using light instead of radio waves.如果世界上每一个灯泡都能传输数据会是什么样呢?在TE
12、D全球会议上，Harald Haas 第一次演示了实现这个设想的装置通过闪烁的单个LED灯，他利用那些微小到人类眼睛都无法察觉的光亮变化，传输了比一个信号塔还要多的数据，而且是以一种更经济，更安全，传播更广泛的方式And light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.而光是电磁波谱中的一部分02:36So lets look at this in the context of the entireelectromagnetic spectrum,where we have gamma rays.我们来利用一点背景知识 这是一个完整的电磁波谱,这里是
13、伽玛射线,02:39You dont want to get close to gamma rays,it could bedangerous.你不会想利用伽玛射线,因为它是危险的02:44intercepted:v.拦截,中途阻止(intercept的过去分词);数军截取 make use of:使用,利用 on the other hand:另一方面bulbs:n.电灯泡;植鳞茎;大浇斗(bulb的复数)gamma:n.微克;希腊语的第三个字母 rays:n.射线;光线(ray的复数);日光浴/v.辐射(ray的三单形式);照射X-rays,useful when you go to ho
14、spitals.X光可以用在医疗上02:46Then theres ultraviolet light.这里是紫外光02:49its good for a nice suntan,but otherwise dangerous for thehuman body.如果想晒黑一点,它倒是帮得上忙 但其它时候对人体却是有害的02:51Infrared-due to eye safety regulations,can be only usedwith low power.红外线 出于对眼睛的安全考虑 你只能用很低的功率02:55And then we have the radio waves,th
15、ey have the issues Ivejust mentioned.然后有无线电波,它的问题我们刚刚谈过03:01And in the middle there,we have this visible light spectrum.中间这里,我们有可见光区域03:04Its light,and light has been around for many millions ofyears.它是光,光在生活里有许多许多百万年了03:07And in fact,it has created us,has created life,has created allthe stuff of li
16、fe.事实上,是光创造了我们 它创造了生命 创造了生命的全部03:11So its inherently safe to use.所以光本身就是安全可用的03:18And wouldnt it be great to use that for wirelesscommunications?如果能直接用于无线通讯难道不是很棒吗？03:21Not only that,I compared it to the entire spectrum.不仅只是这个,我比较了一下整个光谱03:25I compared the radio waves spectrum-the size of it-withthe
17、 size of the visible light spectrum.我比较了无线电波光谱 把它的大小和 可见光谱的大小进行了比较03:28ultraviolet:adj.紫外的；紫外线的/n.紫外线辐射，紫外光 suntan:n.晒黑;土黄色军服;棕色 Infrared:n.红外线/adj.红外线的 regulations:n.管理条例;规程(regulation的复数);章则 inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地And guess what?猜猜结果如何？03:34We have 10,000 times more of that spectrum,which is th
18、erefor us to use.可见光谱能用的范围是无线电波的一万倍,这些都可以被我们利用03:36So not only do we have this huge amount of spectrum,letscompare that with a number Ive just mentioned.所以我们不仅有这么大光谱范围可以用,我来把刚才提到的数字和这些比较一下03:42We have 1.4 million expensively deployed,inefficient radiocellular base stations.我们一共有 一百四十万个造价高,效率低的无线电波发射
19、基站03:47And multiply that by 10,000,then you end up at 14 billion.把这个数字乘以一万,那就是一百四十个亿03:5414 billion is the number of light bulbs installed already.一百四十个亿恰好是已经在使用中的电灯泡的数量03:58www.XiYuS锡育软件So we have the infrastructure there.所以我们已经有了基础设施在那04:01Look at the ceiling,you see all these light bulbs.看屋顶上,你看那
20、些灯泡04:03Go to the main floor,you see these light bulbs.再看主层上,还能看到很多灯泡04:06Can we use them for communications?我们能把它们用于沟通吗？04:08Yes.能04:10What do we need to do?我们需要做什么呢？04:12The one thing we need to do is we have to replace theseinefficient incandescent light bulbs,florescent lights,withthis new techn
21、ology of LED,有一件事我们需要做的 就是把这些效率不高的白炽灯 和荧光灯 换成新技术的LED(发光二极管)04:14expensively:adv.昂贵地;乱花钱地 inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的 incandescent:adj.辉耀的;炽热的;发白热光的 florescent:adj.花盛开的,开花的LED light bulbs.LED灯04:24An LED is a semiconductor.Its an electronic device.LED是个半导体,是个电子器件04:26And it has a very nice acute pr
22、operty.它有一个特别好的敏锐的性能04:28Its intensity can be modulated at very high speeds,and itcan be switched off at very high speeds.它的亮度是可以 高速调节 它也能以很快的速度开启或关闭04:32And this is a fundamental basic property that we exploit withour technology.这是我们发展这项技术的 一个很基础的 性能04:40So lets show how we do that.让我来演示下我们是怎么做的04:
23、47Lets go to the closest neighbor to the visible light spectrum-go to remote controls.让我们来看看离可见光最近的光谱 遥控器的光谱04:49You all know remote controls have an infrared LED-大家都知道遥控器有红外线的LED,开机的时候就You all know remote controls have an infrared LED-basically you switch on the LED,and if its off,you switch itoff.
24、开了LED,关了遥控的同时关了LED04:53And it creates a simple,low-speed data stream in 10,000 bitsper second,20,000 bits per second.它发射一个简单的,低速的数据流 每秒传输十万个字节,或者每秒二十万个字节04:58Not usable for a YouTube video.如果使用Youtube这是不够的05:05What we have done is we have developed a technology withwhich we can furthermore replace t
25、he remote control of ourlight bulb.我们所做的就是 开发了一项新技术 我们可以用这项新技术 取代我们对灯泡的远程控制05:07semiconductor:n.电子物半导体 modulated:adj.已调的;被调的/v.调整,调节;吟咏;改变(嗓音的)音量(modulate的过去分词)switch on:接通,开启We transmit with our technology,not only a single datastream,we transmit thousands of data streams in parallel,ateven higher
26、speeds.在我们技术里,我们不是只用一个简单的数据流 我们在同一时间并行传输 几千个数据流,而且传输速度更快05:17And the technology we have developed-its called SIMOFDM.我们开发的这项技术 叫SIM OFDM.05:27And its spacial modulation-these are the only technicalterms,Im not going into details-but this is how weenabled that light source to transmit data.它还有特殊的调控-这
27、都是技术词汇,就不深入了-是这项技术 使得我们能利用光源 进行数据传输05:31You will say,Okay,this is nice-a slide created in 10minutes.你会说:嗯,这不错,花十分钟就能做出这样的一页幻灯片05:43But not only that.但这不是全部05:48What weve done is we have also developed a demonstrator.我们还研发了 一个演示仪器05:50And Im showing for the first time in public this visible lightdemo
28、nstrator.这是我第一次在公开场合 展示这台可见光的演示仪器05:55And what we have here is no ordinary desk lamp.这里放着的是 一个普通的台灯05:59We fit in an LED light bulb,worth three U.S.dollars,put in oursignal processing technology.我们放入一个价值三美元的 LED灯泡,加入我们信息处理的技术06:04And then what we have here is a little hole.这里有一个小洞06:11And the light
29、goes through that hole.光从这个小洞穿过06:14spacial:adj.空间的;存在于空间的;占地位的 modulation:n.电子调制;调整 demonstrator:n.示威者;论证者;指示者;证明者 desk lamp:桌灯,台灯Theres a receiver.这里是个接收装置06:16The receiver will convert these little,subtle changes in theamplitude that we create there into an electrical signal.这个接收装置能把我们创造的 这些很微小的亮
30、度变化 转化为电子信号06:18And that signal is then converted back to a high-speed datastream.这些电子信息再被转化成 高速的数据流06:25In the future we hope that we can integrate this little holeinto these smart phones.将来我们希望能 把这样的小洞整合到 智能手机中06:29And not only integrate a photo detector here,but maybe usethe camera inside.不仅是加入一个
31、照片感应装置,还可以在里面放一个照相机06:36So what happens when I switch on that light?所以当我打开灯的时候 会发生什么呢？06:43As you would expect,its a light,a desk lamp.就像你期待的那样,它是个灯泡,一个台灯06:50Put your book beneath it and you can read.把你的书放在下面,就能阅读,06:54Its illuminating the space.它照亮了空间06:57But at the same time,you see this video co
32、ming up here.但在同时,你能看到这上面有视频开始播放06:59And thats a video,a high-definition video that istransmitted through that light beam.这个高清晰度的视频 是用光束传输的07:03amplitude:n.振幅;丰富,充足;广阔 converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的/v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式)detector:n.探测器;检测器;发现者;侦察器 lamp:n.灯;照射器/vt.照亮/vi.发亮 illuminating:adj.照亮的,照明的;启蒙
33、的,有启发性的/v.照明,阐释(illuminate的现在分词形式)high-definition:adj.非常鲜明的Youre critical.你有些怀疑07:08You think,Ha,ha,ha.想着,哈哈,07:10This is a smart academic doing a little bit of tricks here.这是聪明的学者用了一点小诡计07:12But let me do this.但如果我这样做07:15(Applause)Once again.（掌声）再来一次07:19Still dont believe?还不相信？07:27It is this lig
34、ht that transmits this high-definition video in asplit stream.就是这个台灯 把高清晰的视频通过分开的数据流传输的07:30And if you look at the light,it is illuminating as you wouldexpect.如果你看着这灯,它还是那么亮07:36You dont notice with your human eye.人类的眼睛无法分辨这些变化07:41You dont notice the subtle changes in the amplitude that weimpress o
35、nto this light bulb.你不会发现我们加在这个灯泡上的 亮度的微小变化07:43Its serving the purpose of illumination,but at the same time,we are able to transmit this data.它起到了提供照明的作用,同时也传输了数据07:49And you see,even light from the ceiling comes down here tothe receiver.你能看到,即使是屋顶上的光也能照到这个接收装置上07:54It can ignore that constant ligh
36、t,because all the receiversinterested in are subtle changes.接收装置能忽略固定不变的光,因为它只关心那些微小的变化07:59You also have a critical question now,and you say,Okay,doI have to have the light on all the time to have this working?你还是时不时地会有怀疑的问题 你会说:好吧我是不是得时刻开着灯 才能让它工作呢？08:09transmits:vt.传输;传播;发射;传达;遗传/vi.传输;发射信号 illum
37、ination:n.照明;光照度;启发;灯饰(需用复数);阐明 lighton:偶然遇见(碰见,发现);停落于And the answer is yes.答案是:是的08:17But,you can dim down the light to a level that it appears tobe off.但你能调暗这灯 暗到它看起来像是关着的08:19And you are still able to transmit data-thats possible.这样它还是可以传输数据08:25So Ive mentioned to you the four challenges.我提到过四个
38、挑战08:28Capacity:We have 10,000 times more spectrum,10,000times more LEDs installed already in the infrastructure there.容量 我们有一万倍的光谱范围 一万多倍的LED灯 已经搭建在基础设施中08:31You would agree with me,hopefully,theres no issue ofcapacity anymore.我想你会同意说 容量已经不再是个问题08:39Efficiency:This is data through illumination-its
39、first of allan illumination device.经济 这是通过照明传输数据 首先是照明仪器08:43And if you do the energy budget,the data transmissioncomes for free-highly energy efficient.如果你想减少能量消耗,这数据传输是免费的 很节能的方法08:49I dont mention the high energy efficiency of these LED lightbulbs.我没提过LED灯泡的 高度节能的性质08:56If the whole world would d
40、eploy them,you would savehundreds of power plants.如果整个世界都用它们,那我们能省许多的发电场09:00Thats aside.这个先放在一边09:05And then Ive mentioned the availability.我还提到了可用性09:07dim:adj.暗淡的,昏暗的;模糊的,看不清的;悲观的,怀疑的/vt.使暗淡,使失去光泽;使变模糊/vi.变模糊,变暗淡/n.笨蛋,傻子 LEDs:v.领导;通向;指引(lead的过去分词)first of all:adv.首先 availability:n.可用性;有效性;实用性You
41、will agree with me that we have lights in the hospital.我们都知道医院里有灯泡,09:09You need to see what to do.你得看得到要做什么09:12You have lights in an aircraft.飞机上也有灯泡09:14So its everywhere in a day there is light.所有地方都有灯泡09:16Look around.Everywhere.Look at your smart phone.看看周围,所有地方看看你的智能手机09:18It has a flashlight
42、,an LED flashlight.它有一个闪光灯,那是个LED灯09:21These are potential sources for high-speed data transmission.它们都是潜在的高速数据传输的设备09:23And then theres security.还有安全问题09:27You would agree with me that light doesnt penetratethrough walls.你会同意说 光不能穿透墙壁09:30So no one,if I have a light here,if I have secure data,no on
43、eon the other side of this room through that wall would beable to read that data.所以如果我有个灯泡在这,如果我有安全相关的数据,在墙那边的人是不可能 透过墙壁猎取我的数据的09:35And theres only data where there is light.只有在有光的地方才能看到数据09:43So if I dont want that receiver to receive the data,then what Icould do,turn it away.所以如果我不希望接收装置接收数据,我能做的是
44、把它转开09:46So the data goes in that direction,not there anymore.所以数据是往那个方向传,不是这了09:57Now we can in fact see where the data is going to.现在我们能真的看到数据是往哪里传了09:59aircraft:n.飞机,航空器 flashlight:n.手电筒;闪光灯So for me,the applications of it,to me,are beyondimagination at the moment.所以对我来说,这项技术的应用前景 是超乎想像的10:05We h
45、ave had a century of very nice,smart applicationdevelopers.过去的一个世纪里,我们有很棒很聪明的应用设备开发者10:15And you only have to notice,where we have light,there is apotential way to transmit data.你只需要注意到,哪里有光 哪里就能用来传输数据10:19But I can give you a few examples.我来举几个例子10:25Well you may see the impact already now.你可能已经注意到
46、了它的影响力了10:28This is a remote operated vehicle beneath the ocean.在这片海域下面,有一个远程操控的移动设备10:32And they use light to illuminate space down there.它们用光来照亮底下的空间10:36And this light can be used to transmit wireless data thatthese things use to communicate with each other.光能被用来传输无线数据 这些东西就能用光来相互交流10:39Intrinsic
47、ally safe environments like this petrochemical plant-you cant use RF,it may generate antenna sparks,but youcan use light-you see plenty of light there.自然而然地保护了环境 在那些石化工厂里 你不能用RF,它会在天线上产生火花,但它可以用光,你能看到许多的灯光在那10:44In hospitals,for new medical instruments;in streets for trafficcontrol.在医院里,用于新的医疗设备;在街上
48、用来控制交通状况10:54developers:n.开发商;发展者;摄显影剂(developer的复数)illuminate:vt.阐明,说明;照亮;使灿烂;用灯装饰/vi.照亮communicate with:沟通;通话 Intrinsically:adv.本质地;内在地;固有地 petrochemical:adj.石化的/n.石油化学产品antenna:n.电讯天线;动触角,昆触须 sparks:n.(船或飞机上的)无线电通信师Cars have LED-based headlights,LED-based back lights,andcars can communicate with
49、each other and prevent accidentsin the way that they exchange information.车辆有LED灯做的前灯,后灯 这样车辆间就能交流了 它们这样交换信息的方式 能阻止交通事故的发生11:02www.XiYuS锡育软件Traffic lights can communicate to the car and so on.而且信号灯也能和车辆进行沟通11:13And then you have these millions of street lamps deployedaround the world.而且全世界还有几百万个 这样的
50、路灯11:16And every street lamp could be a free access point.即使是这路灯也能成为免费的发射点11:22We call it,in fact,a Li-Fi,light-fidelity.我们叫它 Li Fi 忠于光的11:24And then we have these aircraft cabins.还有这些飞机机舱11:28There are hundreds of lights in an aircraft cabin,and each ofthese lights could be a potential transmitter