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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Will the blight end the chestnut?“枯萎病会终结栗树吗？00:12The farmers rather guess not.栗农希望不会。00:15It keeps smouldering at the roots And sending up newshoots Till another parasite Shall come to end the blight.病菌在树根蔓延,长出新丝,直到另一种寄生物,来终结枯萎病。”00:17At the beginning of the 20th century,the eastern Ame
2、ricanchestnut population,counting nearly four billion trees,wascompletely decimated by a fungal infection.在二十世纪早期,美国东部将近四十亿棵的栗树,遭到一种真菌的感染,而全部死亡了。00:28Fungi are the most destructive pathogens of plants,including crops of major economic importance.真菌对植物来说,包括一些具有重要经济意义的作物,是最具毁灭性的病原体。00:38Can you imagin
3、e that today,crop losses associated withfungal infection are estimated at billions of dollars per year,worldwide?你能想象,在今天,据估计,世界范围内 作物因为真菌的感染产生的损失 每年有数十亿美元吗？00:44That represents enough food calories to feed half a billionpeople.换算成食物热量,足够养活五亿人口。00:53blight:n.枯萎病;荒芜/vt.破坏;使枯萎/vi.枯萎 chestnut:n.栗子;栗色;园
4、艺栗树;栗色马/adj.栗色的 smouldering:v.发烟燃烧;低温炼焦,低温干馏;阴燃(smoulder的ing形式)parasite:n.寄生虫;食客 At the beginning of:在的开始decimated:vt.摧毁;大幅度下降(decimate的过去式及过去分词)fungal:adj.真菌的(等于fungous)Fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数)destructive:adj.破坏的；毁灭性的；有害的，消极的 pathogens:n.基医病原体;病原菌;基医致病菌crops:n.农作物(crop的复数);收成;冶切头/v.种植(crop的三单形式)
5、;收割;修剪;产庄稼 estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的 calories:n.物卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数)And this leads to severe repercussions,including episodes offamine in developing countries,large reduction of income forfarmers and distributors,high prices for consumers and riskof exposure to mycotoxin,poison produced by fungi.而这
6、会产生严重的后果,包括在发展中国家引发饥荒,农民和经销商巨大的经济损失,消费者面临的高价,以及暴露在由真菌产生的 毒枝菌素中的风险。00:57The problems that we face is that the current method used toprevent and treat those dreadful diseases,such as geneticcontrol,exploiting natural sources of resistance,croprotation or seed treatment,among others,are still limited o
7、rephemeral.我们面临的问题是,现今用来预防和治疗 这些可怕疾病的方法,比如基因控制,发掘真菌抗性的天然来源,轮种,或是种子处理等等,作用仍然有限,或是暂时的。01:14They have to be constantly renewed.它们必须不断被更新。01:30Therefore,we urgently need to develop more efficientstrategies and for this,research is required to identifybiological mechanisms that can be targeted by novelan
8、tifungal treatments.因此,我们急需开发 更有效的方法,为此,需要有相关研究来识别 可被新型抗菌疗法 识别的生物机制。01:33repercussions:n.反响,影响(repercussion的复数形式)distributors:n.经销商,电分电器;配销商,分销商 dreadful:adj.可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的 exploiting:n.利用;开拓/v.利用;开发(exploit的ing形式)rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流ephemeral:adj.短暂的;朝生暮死的/n.只生存一天的事物 renewed:adj.更新的;复兴的;重建的/v.更新;恢复(r
9、enew的过去分词)urgently:adv.迫切地;紧急地;急切地 strategies:n.策略,战略(strategy的复数形式)antifungal:adj.抗真菌的;杀真菌的treatments:n.临床治疗(treatment的复数);处理One feature of fungi is that they cannot move and only growby extension to form a sophisticated network,the mycelium.真菌的一大特征是它们不能移动,而且只能通过延展 形成复杂的网络来生长,即菌丝体。01:49In 1884,Anto
10、n de Bary,the father of plant pathology,wasthe first to presume that fungi are guided by signals sent outfrom the host plant,meaning a plant upon which it can lodgeand subsist,so signals act as a lighthouse for fungi to locate,grow toward,reach and finally invade and colonize a plant.1884年,Anton de
11、Bary,植物病理学之父,第一次提出,真菌是由 宿主植物发出的信号,来引导生长的假设。即真菌可以寄生在植物体上。这些信号对真菌来说就如灯塔,帮助它们定位,蔓延,成长,最终入侵并寄生于这株植物。01:58He knew that the identification of such signals would unlocka great knowledge that then serves to elaborate strategy toblock the interaction between the fungus and the plant.他知道对这类信号的识别 可以增加我们的知识储备 并
12、形成对策,来阻断真菌和植物之间的作用。02:23However,the lack of an appropriate method at that moment但是,当时并没有合适的方法,让他能够从分子层面定义这一机制。02:34TED演讲者：Mennat El Ghalid|Mennat El Ghalid演讲标题：How fungi recognize(and infect)plants|真菌是如何识别（以及感染）植物的？内容概要：Each year,the world loses enough food to feed half a billion people to fungi,the
13、most destructive pathogens of plants.Mycologist and TED Fellow Mennat El Ghalid explainshow a breakthrough in our understanding of the molecular signals fungi use to attack plantscould disrupt this interaction-and save our crops.每年，全世界因真菌这一最具毁灭性的植物病原体损失的食物可以喂饱五亿人口。真菌科学家和TED研究员Mennat El Ghalid 向我们解释了
14、，在理解真菌分子信号上的突破，会如何扰乱这种互动并拯救我们的作物。However,the lack of an appropriate method at that momentprevented him from identifying this mechanism at themolecular level.定义这一机制。02:34sophisticated:adj.复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的/v.使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)mycelium:n.菌丝;菌丝体 pathology:n.病理(学);(比喻)异常状态 presume:vt.假定
15、;推测;擅自;意味着/vi.相信;擅自行为subsist:vi.存在;维持生活/vt.供养 lighthouse:n.灯塔 colonize:vt.将开拓为殖民地;移于殖民地;从他地非法把选民移入/vi.开拓殖民地;移居于殖民地 elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的/vt.精心制作;详细阐述;从简单成分合成(复杂有机物)/vi.详细描述;变复杂 fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类 prevented:v.阻止;避免;被阻止(prevent的过去式,过去分词)identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系/v.识别(identify的现在分词)molecular:adj.
16、化学分子的;由分子组成的Using purification and mutational genomic approaches,aswell as a technique allowing the measurement of directedhyphal growth,today Im glad to tell you that after 130years,利用提纯和基因突变方法,还有另一种 可以测度菌丝生长指向的技术,130年后的今天,我能很高兴的告诉你们,02:45my former team and I could finally identify such plant signa
17、lsby studying the interaction between a pathogenic funguscalled Fusarium oxysporum and one of its host plants,thetomato plant.我和我之前的团队 终于识别了这种植物信号。我们是通过研究一种叫 尖孢镰刀菌的病原真菌 和它的宿主之一,番茄,来识别的。02:57As well,we could characterize the fungal receptor receivingthose signals and part of the underlying reaction o
18、ccurringwithin the fungus and leading to its direct growth toward theplant.同时,我们还识别了 真菌接收这些信号的接收器,以及发生在真菌体内,指引它向植物生长的潜在反应。03:12(Applause)Thank you.（掌声）谢谢。03:24(Applause)The understanding of such molecular processesoffers a panel of potential molecules that can be used tocreate novel antifungal treat
19、ments.（掌声）理解这一分子过程,提供了众多可以用来进行创新抗菌治疗的潜在分子种类。03:28purification:n.净化;提纯;涤罪 mutational:adj.突变的 genomic:adj.基因组的;染色体的 approaches:处理 as well as:也;和一样;不但而且 pathogenic:adj.致病的;病原的;发病的(等于pathogenetic)receptor:n.生化受体;接受器;感觉器官 underlying:adj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的/v.放在的下面；为的基础；优先于(underlie的ing形式)occurring:n.事件;事故;事
20、变 molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)And those treatments would disrupt the interaction betweenthe fungus and the plant either by blocking the plant signalor the fungal reception system which receives those signals.这些疗法会扰乱 真菌和植物之间的相互作用,要么通过阻断植物信号实现,要么通过阻断真菌的 信号接收系统实现。03:39Fungal infections have de
21、vastated agriculture crops.真菌感染已经摧毁过大量农作物。03:51Moreover,we are now in an era where the demand of cropproduction is increasing significantly.此外,我们所处的,是一个对粮食需求 显着上涨的时代。03:54And this is due to population growth,economicdevelopment,climate change and demand for bio fuels.这是由于人口增长,经济发展,气候变化以及 对生物燃料的需求引起的
22、。04:01Our understanding of the molecular mechanism ofinteraction between a fungus and its host plant,such as thetomato plant,potentially represents a major step towardsdeveloping more efficient strategy to combat plant fungaldiseases我们对真菌和宿主植物之间作用的 分子机制的了解,譬如番茄这一宿主,可能代表着迈向更有效对抗 植物真菌病毒的一大步,04:08and t
23、herefore solving of problems that affect peoples lives,food security and economic growth.进而可以解决影响人们生活,食品安全和经济增长的问题。04:24Thank you.谢谢。04:30disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱/adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的 blocking:n.阻塞;封闭;大块/v.阻塞(block的ing形式)receives:n.受光面/v.接受,接收(receive的第三人称单数)infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式)devastated:adj.毁坏的;极为震惊的/v.毁坏;摧毁(devastate的过去式和过去分词)significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地(Applause)（掌声）04:31*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*