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1、Lesson 19 Its a Glad, Sad, Mad World主观幸福感Where you live, as much a show you live, is a key influence on the feel-good factor 你住在哪里，就像你在现场表演一样，是影响你感觉良好的关键因素By Walter KirnIts almost impossible for most people in well-off countries to begin to understand how it feels to live in the extreme poverty of C
2、alcutta, surviving in Indias third largest city in a shack, or on the street with little access to clean water,food or health care.对于生活在富裕国家的大多数人来说，他们几乎不可能开始理解生活在印度第三 大城市加尔各答的极度贫困中是什么感觉，在一个简陋的棚子里生存，或者在没 有干净的水、食物或医疗保健的街道上生存。The filth. The crowds. The disease.污秽、人群、疾病。From the perspective of the comfo
3、rtably housed and amply fed, these conditions sound hopeless, and the suffering they must breed seems unimaginable.从那些住得舒舒服服、吃得饱的人的角度来看，这些条件听起来让人绝望，它们 所带来的痛苦似乎难以想象。But not as unimaginable as this: according to a researcher who employs a method of ranking human happiness on a scale of 1 to 7, poor Ca
4、lcuttans score about a 4, meaning they* reslightly more happy than not.但没有这么不可思议:根据一位研究人员使用一种方法给人类幸福打分，分值从1 到7,贫穷的Calcuttans给出的了 4分，表示他们的幸福程度稍微高一些。And thats certainly happier than one might expect. The assumption behind this finding, of course, is that happiness, like Olympic figure skating, can rea
5、lly be scored numerically at all and that the judges who score it dont even need to come from the same countries or speak the same languages as the people they re judging.这当然比人们预期的要快乐。当然，这一发现背后的假设是，快乐，就像奥运会 花样滑冰一样，真的可以用数字来打分，给它打分的裁判甚至不需要来自相同的 国家或说相同的语言。Robert Biswas-Diener, has worked extensively wi
6、th his father, the noted University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener, to evaluate what they term the Subjective Well-Being(SWB) of people around the globe, from Masai warriors in East Africa to Inughuit hunters in Northern Greenland, inviting them to answer questions about their moods and outlook.
7、罗伯特比斯瓦斯-迪纳为他的父亲做了大量的工作,指出伊利诺斯州大学的心理 学家Ed Diener,评估他们的术语主观幸福感(主客观)世界各地的人们，从东非的马 赛勇士极地因纽特人猎人在格陵兰岛北部，邀请他们来回答关于他们的心情和前 景问题。The results have led them to one sweeping conclusion: human beings, no matter where they live, and almost without regard to how they live, are, in the elder Dieners words/preset to
8、be happy.n结果让他们得出了一个笼统的结论:人类，无论他们住在哪里，也几乎不管他们 如何生活，用老迪纳的话来说，都是“预设的幸福”。He thinks of this predilection as a gift bestowed on people by evolution that helps us adapt and flourish even in fairly trying circumstances.5 But there are other theories.他认为这种偏爱是进化赋予人类的“礼物”，即使在相当艰难的环境中，它也能帮 助我们适应和繁荣。但是也有其他的理论。M
9、aybe, he says, were socialized to be happy, in order to facilitate smooth social functioning.也许，他说，我们“社会化”是为了快乐，“为了促进平稳的社会功能。” Whatever the reasons for this gift, however, its benefits dont seem to beevenly distributed around the globe.然而，无论这份礼物的原因是什么，它的好处似乎并没有均匀地分布在全球各地。Latin Americans, for example
10、, are among the happiest people in the world, according to study after study.例如，根据一项又一项的研究，拉丁美洲人是世界上最幸福的人之一。A survey of college students in the mid-1990s compared so-called national differences in positivity and ranked Puerto Rico, Colombia and Spainas the three most cheerful locales.上世纪90年代中期，一项针对大
11、学生的调查比较了所谓的国家积极性差异，并 将波多黎各、哥伦比亚和西班牙列为最快乐的三个地方。This may surprise those who equate happiness with flat-screen TVs and ice-cube-dispensing refrigerator doors. But not to Ed Diener.这可能会让那些把幸福等同于平板电视和冰箱门的人感到惊讶。但Ed Diener不 是。For him, the high spirits of the relatively poor Puerto Ricans and Colombians ste
12、m from a positivity tendency0 thatnmay be rooted in cultural norms regarding the value of believing in aspects of life in general to be good.对他来说，相对贫穷的波多黎各人和哥伦比亚人的高昂情绪源于一种“积极的倾 向”，这种倾向“可能根植于文化规范中，认为生活的各个方面都是好的。” Translation: Latin Americans are happier because they look on the sunny side of life. 换言
13、之:拉丁美洲人更快乐，因为他们看到生活的光明面。That tendency does not seem to be popular in East Asia.这种趋势似乎在东亚并不流行。Among the bottom five in the study are Japan, China and South Korea, the outliers of unhappiness.在这项研究中，排名最后五名的国家是日本、中国和韩国，它们都是不快乐的局 外人。We have found that East Asians tend to weight the worst areas of their
14、lives when computing their life satisfaction/ Diener reports.迪纳在报告中说:“我们发现，东亚人在计算生活满意度时，倾向于把生活中最糟 糕的方面考虑在内。”That may be a reflection of a difference in cultural expectation, says Shinobu Kitayama, a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who does research on the connection between cu
15、lture and well-being.密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的心理学教授北山信(Shinobu Kitayama)说， 这可能反映了文化期望的差异。他专门研究文化与幸福感之间的关系。“While Americans see happiness as a goal. Self-esteern is very important to them. But Asians, from the beginning of life,are trained to focus on the negative aspects of themselves.H而美国人则把幸福
16、视为一种目标。自尊对他们来说很重要。但亚洲人从一开始就 被训练关注自己的消极方面。”That extends to Asians1 view of happiness itself, which Kitayama sees as surprisingly dialectic.这也延伸到了亚洲人对幸福本身的看法，在北山看来，这种看法是惊人的辩证。 He recently asked American and Japanese college students to describe the positive and negative aspects of happiness.他最近让美国和日本的
17、大学生描述幸福的积极和消极方面。The American students could only see happiness as a pure good, while the Japanese students repeatedly pointed out the potential drawbacks to happiness-the way personal success, for instance, could invite envy.美国学生只认为幸福是一种纯粹的善，而日本学生则反复指出幸福的潜在缺点 比如个人成功会招致嫉妒。That might be part of the fu
18、n for your average American freshman, but Asians often see little value in personal happiness that upsets family or group harmony. nAsian happiness is much more social than personal/ says Kitayama.对于普通的美国新生来说，这可能是乐趣的一部分，但亚洲人往往看不到扰乱家 庭或群体和谐的个人幸福的价值。“亚洲人的幸福更多是社会性的，而不是个人 的，”北山说。When asked to estimate t
19、heir happiness in surveys, Asians might naturally underrate themselves for that reason, and its not clear whether the yactually feel unhappy or whether they are just moderating their responses.当被要求在调查中估计自己的幸福感时，亚洲人可能会出于这个原因自然地低估 自己，不清楚他们是真的感到不快乐，还是他们只是在缓和自己的回答。Ultimately personal happiness may simpl
20、y not be what many Asians are searching for. 从根本上讲，个人幸福可能并不是许多亚洲人所追求的。But that may be changing.Over the past 50 years, Asia has undergone a wrenching crash course in economic and political modernization.但这种情况可能正在改变。50年来，亚洲经历了一场经济和政治现代化的痛苦 速成。A wealth of new possibilities are now available to Asians
21、across the region, yet many of those choices-what to buy, where to work, whom to marry- come into direct conflict with the old interdependent values still held by society or by their families. 如今，亚洲各地的人都有了丰富的新可能性，但其中许多选择买什么、在哪 里工作、嫁给谁都与社会或家庭仍然持有的旧的相互依存的价值观直接冲突。 There is enormous stress in these tran
22、sitional cultures 11/says Aaron Ahuvia, a professor of marketing at Michigan.密歇根大学(Michigan)市场营销学教授亚伦阿胡维亚(Aaron Ahuvia)表示:“在这 些过渡文化中存在着巨大的压力。”The result can be a kind of cognitive dissonance that leaves Asians individually freer but perhapsless happy, at least in the short run.其结果可能是一种认知失调，让亚洲人个人更自由
23、，但可能不那么幸福，至少在 短期内是这样。If the developing-world Colombians are happy mostly because they really like to be and the developed-world Japanese are not so happy because, for them, personal happiness isnt part of the plan, it would seem to follow that SWB has little to do with material well-being and a lot
24、do with attitudeat least when it comes to filling out surveys.如果发展中国家的哥伦比亚人快乐主要是因为他们真的喜欢和发达国家日本不 是很高兴，因为对他们来说,个人幸福不是计划的一部分，它似乎遵循，短轴距与物 质福利和处理态度时至少填写调查。The planets happiest souls, as determined by the World Happiness Database* compiled by researchers at Rotterdams Erasmus University , are the Danes,
25、the Swiss and the Maltese, all of whom score 8 on a 10-point scale of happiness. 根据鹿特丹大学的研究人员编制的“世界幸福数据库”，全世界最幸福的人是丹麦 人、瑞士人和马耳他人，在满分为10分的幸福评分表上，他们的得分都是8分。 Most of Asia, including the Japanese, hover around 6 on this measure, while troubled Pakistan is near the bottom at 4.3.包括日本在内的大多数亚洲国家在这一指标上徘徊在6左
26、右，而麻烦缠身的巴基 斯坦则接近底部，为4.3。Biswas-Diener argues that attitude counts but also notes that highly developed nations, as a group, score consistently high, suggesting that it doesnt hurt a country to pave its highways and disinfect its water supply.比斯瓦斯-迪纳认为态度很重要，但他也指出高度发达国家作为一个整体，得分 一直都很高，这表明在公路上铺路和给水消毒不会
27、对一个国家造成伤害。Democracy, as a measurement for most of the world, is a sure guide to happiness. And there are no superpowers when it comes to happiness.民主，作为世界上大多数国家的衡量标准，是通向幸福的可靠指南。说到幸福， 没有什么超能力。The U.S. is pretty chippy, but in the study of international college students it ranked a contented eighth, t
28、ied with Slovenia.美国人相当活泼，但在对国际大学生的研究中，它令人满意地排在第八，与斯洛 文尼亚并列。It would appear that merely living as if you are No. 1, and running around the world shouting you are No. 1, doesnt mean that you feel like No. 1 inside.看起来，仅仅以自己是世界第一的身份生活，并在世界各地大喊自己是第一，并 不意味着你内心觉得自己是第一。Even Biswas-Diener cautions that nat
29、ional happiness rankings arc crude instruments.就连比斯瓦斯-迪纳也警告说，国家幸福指数只是一种粗糙的工具。Thats especially true when comparing West with East, cultures where the pursuit of happiness is a national obsession with cultures where, as the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzuput it, Hhappiness is the absence of the strivin
30、g for happiness.n这一点在西方和东方的比较中尤为明显，在这些文化中，对幸福的追求是一种民 族情结，正如中国哲学家庄子所说:“幸福就是不去追求幸福。”Still, if you belong to one of the highest-ranking countries, you will enjoy gazing at the big Scoreboard and speculating about the source of your collective joy.不过，如果你属于排名最高的国家之一，你会喜欢凝视着巨大的记分板，猜测你 们集体快乐的来源。Whereas, if your motherland fares badly, you might want to consider spending more time in Denmark.然而，如果你的祖国生活糟糕，你可以考虑在丹麦多呆些时间。