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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件There is something about physics that has been reallybothering me since I was a little kid.物理学中有件事情 自幼时就一直非常困扰我。00:13And its related to a question that scientists have been askingfor almost 100 years,with no answer.近百年来科学家思索着这个问题 但没有答案。00:23How do the smallest things in nature,the parti
2、cles of thequantum world,match up with the largest things in nature planets and stars and galaxies held together by gravity?自然界中最小的东西,即量子世界的微粒子,如何与自然界中最大的东西,即星系里以重力连结的行星和恒星相对应呢？00:31As a kid,I would puzzle over questions just like this.童年的我,为这样的问题搜索枯肠。00:43I would fiddle around with microscopes ande
3、lectromagnets,and I would read about the forces of thesmall and about quantum mechanics and I would marvel athow well that description matched up to our observation.我操作显微镜和电磁铁,我研读微物质的力学 和量子力学,赞叹其描述和我们的观察是如此的相应。00:46Then I would look at the stars,and I would read about howwell we understand gravity,a
4、nd I would think surely,theremust be some elegant way that these two systems match up.我也观看星星,阅读我们所知的重力,想当然耳,大和小的两个系统必然有种精美而优雅的相应方式。00:58match up:使相配,使协调 puzzle over:努力思考;为烦恼;苦苦思考 fiddle around:玩弄;吊儿郎当;虚度光阴;不务正业microscopes:n.光显微镜(microscope的复数)electromagnets:电电磁铁 marvel:n.奇迹/vt.对感到惊异/vi.感到惊讶 elegant:
5、adj.高雅的，优雅的；讲究的；简炼的；简洁的But theres not.但可惜却没有。01:09And the books would say,yeah,we understand a lot aboutthese two realms separately,but when we try to link themmathematically,everything breaks.根据书本,我们很懂这两个各别的系统,但是一旦尝试以数学模式来连结,就完全行不通了。01:11And for 100 years,none of our ideas as to how to solve thisba
6、sically physics disaster,has ever been supported byevidence.百年来,我们对于如何解决这基本的物理问题一筹莫展,没有可以支持的证据。01:20And to little old me little,curious,skeptical James thiswas a supremely unsatisfying answer.对于小老弟在下 小小,好奇,不信服的詹姆斯 这是绝对不可接受的。01:30So,Im still a skeptical little kid.今天的我,仍是个不易信服的小孩。01:38Flash-forward n
7、ow to December of 2015,when I foundmyself smack in the middle of the physics world beingflipped on its head.时间快转到 2015 年十二月,我重拍额头 突有个物理世界里的灵光一闪。01:40It all started when we at CERN saw something intriguing inour data:a hint of a new particle,an inkling of a possiblyextraordinary answer to this questi
8、on.始自我们在 CERN看到有趣的数据:它们隐射一种新的粒子,暗示一个可能不同凡响的解答。01:51realms:n.领域(realm的复数)separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个别地 mathematically:adv.算术地,数学上地 skeptical:adj.怀疑的；怀疑论的，不可知论的 supremely:adv.至上地;崇高地 unsatisfying:adj.无法令人满足的/v.不满意;不安心(unsatisfy的ing形式)Flash-forward:n.提前叙述未来事件(小说,电影等中的)smack:n.滋味;少量;海洛因;风味/vt.掴;用掌击/vi.用掌击;
9、带有风味/adv.猛然;直接地 flipped:快速翻动/入迷(flip的过去式和过去分词)intriguing:adj.有趣的;迷人的/v.引起的兴趣;策划阴谋;私通(intrigue的ing形式)inkling:n.暗示;略知;模糊概念/v.暗示(inkle的ing形式);略知;低声说出answer to:符合;适应So Im still a skeptical little kid,I think,but Im also now aparticle hunter.我仍是个不信服的小子,现在也是个找寻粒子的人。02:03I am a physicist at CERNs Large Had
10、ron Collider,the largestscience experiment ever mounted.我是 CERN 的物理学家,用大强子对撞机（LHC）,一具到目前为止所安装过的最大型的科学实验仪器。02:08Its a 27-kilometer tunnel on the border of France andSwitzerland buried 100 meters underground.这是条在法国和瑞士边界间的二十七公里长的隧道,埋在一百公尺深的地下。02:15And in this tunnel,we use superconducting magnets colde
11、rthan outer space to accelerate protons to almost the speedof light and slam them into each other millions of times per隧道里,我们用比外太空更低温的超导磁体 把质子加速到接近光速,使它们每秒彼此互相撞击数百万次,收集碰撞的碎片,搜索新的,尚未被发现的基本粒子。02:21TED演讲者：James Beacham|詹姆斯 巴沙穆演讲标题：How we explore unanswered questions in physics|如何探索物理的未解题？内容概要：James Bea
12、cham looks for answers to the most important open questions of physicsusing the biggest science experiment ever mounted,CERNs Large Hadron Collider.In this funand accessible talk about how science happens,Beacham takes us on a journey through extra-spatial dimensions in search of undiscovered fundam
13、ental particles(and an explanation for themysteries of gravity)and details the drive to keep exploring.詹姆斯 巴沙穆用最大型的科学实验仪器，即 CERN 的大强子对撞机（LHC），试图解答重要而仍未有解的物理谜题。巴沙穆在这有趣而易懂的演讲中，带领我们进入增加另一度空间的旅程，寻找尚未被发现的基本粒子，以期解释弱重力之谜，并坚持继续探索的动力。of light and slam them into each other millions of times persecond,collecti
14、ng the debris of these collisions to search fornew,undiscovered fundamental particles.粒子。02:21Its design and construction took decades of work bythousands of physicists from around the globe,and in thesummer of 2015,we had been working tirelessly to switchon the LHC at the highest energy that humans
15、 have everused in a collider experiment.其设计和施工费时几十年,全球各地数以千计的物理学家通力合作,在 2015 年夏天,我们不眠不休地让LHC 开始运转,实验用到人类前所未有的最高撞击能量。02:40Hadron:n.高能强子(参与强相互作用的基本粒子)Collider:n.对撞机;碰撞机 mounted:adj.骑马的;安装好的;裱好的/v.安装(mount的过去式和过去分词);爬上;骑上 Switzerland:n.瑞士(欧洲国家)superconducting:adj.低温超导的/v.起超导体作用(superconduct的ing形式)proto
16、ns:n.物质子;氢核(proton的复数)debris:n.碎片,残骸 collisions:n.物碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式)undiscovered:adj.未被发现的;未勘探的 physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数)tirelessly:adv.不知疲倦地;不屈不挠地 switch on:接通,开启Now,higher energy is important because for particles,thereis an equivalence between energy and particle mass,andmass
17、is just a number put there by nature.高能量至关重要,对粒子而言,能量和质量转换守恒,质量只是个自然界摆在那儿的数字。02:57To discover new particles,we need to reach these biggernumbers.为要发现新的粒子,我们必须耗费更多的能量。03:08And to do that,we have to build a bigger,higher energycollider,and the biggest,highest energy collider in the worldis the Large H
18、adron Collider.因此,我们必须建造更大、更耗能的对撞机;而世界上最大的对撞机 是 LHC。03:11And then,we collide protons quadrillions of times,and wecollect this data very slowly,over months and months.然后,我们碰撞质子千万亿（10 的 24 方）次 我们经年累月慢慢地收集资料。03:20And then new particles might show up in our data as bumps slight deviations from what you
19、expect,little clusters ofdata points that make a smooth line not so smooth.或许新的粒子会以突起的形状呈现在资料的平滑线外 稍微偏离预期值,小小群集的数据点,使得平滑的线不再那么地平滑。03:30For example,this bump,after months of data-taking in 2012,led to the discovery of the Higgs particle and to a NobelPrize for the confirmation of its existence.例如,这个凸
20、起,2012 年累月的数据采集后,导致发现了希格斯粒子,和因证明它存在而获得的诺贝尔奬。03:42equivalence:n.等值;相等 by nature:天生地;生性 quadrillions:n.百万之四次方;千的五次方/adj.千之五次方的 bumps:碰撞(bump的第三人称单数)/碰撞(bump的复数)deviations:n.差异,偏差(deviation复数)clusters:n.植簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);计群集This jump up in energy in 2015 represented the best chancethat we as a species
21、 had ever had of discovering newparticles new answers to these long-standing questions,because it was almost twice as much energy as we used whenwe discovered the Higgs boson.2015 年看到的能量凸起 代表人类发现新粒子的绝佳机会 这些长期谜题的新解答,因它所耗的能量几乎是发现希格斯玻色子时耗能的两倍。03:55Many of my colleagues had been working their entire car
22、eersfor this moment,and frankly,to little curious me,this was themoment Id been waiting for my entire life.我的许多同事整个职涯都在追寻此刻,坦率地说,对好奇的我而言,这是我一辈子等待的时刻。04:12So 2015 was go time.2015 年是跳下去做,不回头的时刻。04:21So June 2015,the LHC is switched back on.因此于 2015 年六月,LHC 又运转了。04:24My colleagues and I held our breat
23、h and bit our fingernails,and then finally we saw the first proton collisions at thishighest energy ever.同事和我屏息、紧张又兴奋,终于看到质子以有史以来最高的能量互撞。04:31Applause,champagne,celebration.鼓掌,开香槟,庆祝。04:38This was a milestone for science,and we had no idea whatwe would find in this brand-new data.这是科学的里程碑,我们不知道会在这全新
24、的数据里找到什么。04:40And then a few weeks later,we found a bump.数周后,我们发现了凸起的数据。04:51long-standing:adj.长期存在的;存在已久的 boson:n.高能玻色子 fingernails:n.指甲;手指甲(fingernail的复数形式)champagne:n.香槟酒;香槟酒色 milestone:n.里程碑,划时代的事件 brand-new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的It wasnt a very big bump,but it was big enough to makeyou raise your eyebro
25、w.凸起虽不算大,但已足以让人讶异。04:56But on a scale of one to 10 for eyebrow raises,if 10 indicatesthat youve discovered a new particle,this eyebrow raise isabout a four.从 1 到 10 的讶异程度,10 代表你已发现了新的粒子,这是个程度大约 4 的讶异。05:01(Laughter)I spent hours,days,weeks in secret meetings,arguing with my colleagues over this litt
26、le bump,poking andprodding it with our most ruthless experimental sticks tosee if it would withstand scrutiny.（笑声）我花了无数的时间秘密开会,和同事辩论这个小凸起,努力在鸡蛋裏挑骨头,看它是否经得起最严厉的檢视。05:08But even after months of working feverishly sleeping inour offices and not going home,candy bars for dinner,coffeeby the bucketful ph
27、ysicists are machines for turning即使在数月不眠不休地工作后 不回家,而是睡在办公室,以糖果零嘴当晚餐,大桶大桶地喝咖啡 物理学家就是把咖啡变成图表的机器 05:23by the bucketful physicists are machines for turningcoffee into diagrams(Laughter)This little bump would not go away.（笑声）这个小凸起并未消失。05:37So after a few months,we presented our little bump to theworld wi
28、th a very clear message:this little bump isinteresting but its not definitive,so lets keep an eye on it aswe take more data.几个月后,我们向世界展示了这个小凸起和一个非常明确的信息:这个小凸起有趣,但是不明确,让我们收集更多的数据并持续关注它。05:42eyebrow:n.眉毛/v.为描眉;用皱眉蹙额迫使 indicates:v.表明(indicate的第三人称单数形式);指示,显示 poking:v.刺(poke的ing形式);拨火 prodding:n.促进;刺激/v
29、t.刺(prod的现在分词)ruthless:adj.无情的,残忍的 sticks:n.棍;树枝;麻骨(stick复数形式)/v.用杆支撑;刺死;插入(stick的第三人称单数)withstand:vt.抵挡；禁得起；反抗/vi.反抗 scrutiny:n.详细审查；监视；细看；选票复查 feverishly:adv.狂热地;兴奋地 bucketful:n.满桶;一桶之量 definitive:n.限定词/adj.决定性的;最后的;限定的 keep an eye on:v.照看;留意;密切注视So we were trying to be extremely cool about it.我们试
30、图非常冷静地看待它。05:55And the world ran with it anyway.尽管如此,世界随它起舞。05:59The news loved it.新闻界喜爱它。06:02People said it reminded them of the little bump that wasshown on the way toward the Higgs boson discovery.人们说它像是落在引导发现希格斯玻色子路上的那个小凸起。06:04Better than that,my theorist colleagues I love my theoristcolleague
31、s my theorist colleagues wrote 500 papersabout this little bump.更棒的是,我的理论派同事们 我喜欢我的理论派同事们 我的理论派同事们写了五百篇关于这个小凸起的文章。06:10(Laughter)The world of particle physics had been flipped onits head.（笑声）粒子物理学的世界已然翻转。06:20But what was it about this particular bump that causedthousands of physicists to collective
32、ly lose their cool?这个小凸起的什么特点 使得成千上万的物理学家热血沸腾呢？06:27This little bump was unique.这个小凸起独一无二。06:37This little bump indicated that we were seeing anunexpectedly large number of collisions whose debrisconsisted of only two photons,two particles of light.这个小凸起显示 我们看到了意料之外的大量碰撞,碰撞后只残留两个光子,两个光粒子。06:40theori
33、st:n.理论家 collectively:adv.共同地,全体地 indicated:adj.表明的;指示的/v.表明(indicate的过去分词);指出;显示unexpectedly:adv.出乎意料地,意外地 consisted:vi.组成;在于;符合 photons:n.物光子;量子光量子(photon的复数)And thats rare.这相当罕见。06:49www.XiYuS锡育软件Particle collisions are not like automobile collisions.粒子碰撞不像汽车碰撞。06:51They have different rules.碰撞的规
34、则不同。06:53When two particles collide at almost the speed of light,thequantum world takes over.当两个粒子以接近光速的速度互撞,行为就由量子世界的规则所掌控。06:55And in the quantum world,these two particles can brieflycreate a new particle that lives for a tiny fraction of a secondbefore splitting into other particles that hit our
35、detector.在量子世界中,这两个粒子能短暂地创造一个新粒子,只瞬间存在,顷刻后分裂成其他粒子,并击中我们的侦测器。06:59Imagine a car collision where the two cars vanish uponimpact,a bicycle appears in their place 想像一下两辆汽车互撞,汽车在相撞的当下消失,原地出现了一辆自行车 07:09(Laughter)And then that bicycle explodes into twoskateboards,which hit our detector.（笑声）那辆自行车紧接着爆炸,变成两个
36、滑板,撞到我们的侦测器。07:15(Laughter)Hopefully,not literally.（笑声）当然不是字面上的撞上,07:20Theyre very expensive.侦测器可是很贵的啊。07:23Events where only two photons hit out detector are very rare.仅仅两个光子撞击侦测器的事件非常地罕见。07:26And because of the special quantum properties of photons,theres a very small number of possible new partic
37、les thesemythical bicycles that can give birth to only two photons.由于光子具有量子的特性,新粒子,也就是这些虚构的自行车,出现的机率相当罕见,只产生两个光子的新粒子非常罕见。07:29briefly:adv.短暂地;简略地;暂时地 detector:n.探测器;检测器;发现者;侦察器 explodes:vi.爆炸,爆发;激增/vt.使爆炸;爆炸;推翻 skateboards:n.滑板(skateboard的复数)/v.参加滑板运动(skateboard的单三形式)hit out:猛打 mythical:adj.神话的;虚构的
38、bicycles:n.车辆自行车;脚踏车(bicycle的复数)give birth to:产生,造成;生孩子But one of these options is huge,and it has to do with thatlong-standing question that bothered me as a tiny littlekid,about gravity.但是有一选项极可能发生,和一个长期存在的未解题有关,就是那个自幼就困扰我的重力问题。07:41Gravity may seem super strong to you,but its actuallycrazily weak
39、 compared to the other forces of nature.或许你认为重力强而有力,但是相较于自然界的其他力量,它其实超弱的。07:53I can briefly beat gravity when I jump,but I cant pick aproton out of my hand.当我跳起时,能够短暂地摆脱重力,但我却无法用手捡起一粒质子。08:00The strength of gravity compared to the other forces ofnature?相较于自然界的其他力量,重力的强度如何呢？08:08Its 10 to the minus 3
40、9.是 10 的负 39 次方。08:12Thats a decimal with 39 zeros after it.小数点之后跟着 39 个零。08:14Worse than that,all of the other known forces of nature areperfectly described by this thing we call the Standard Model,which is our current best description of nature at its smallestscales,and quite frankly,更糟的是,所有其他已知的自
41、然界力量都可被所谓的标准模型完美地描述。那是我们目前描述自然界最小尺度的最佳模型。坦白说,08:17one of the most successful achievements of humankind except for gravity,which is absent from the Standard Model.那是人类最大的成就之一,重力标准模型不存在是唯一的例外。08:28bothered:adj.烦(恼)的;感到讨厌的 crazily:adv.发狂地;狂热地 decimal:adj.小数的;十进位的/n.小数 scales:n.天平;磅秤;鳞屑;缩放 humankind:n.人
42、类(总称)absent from:缺席Its crazy.难以置信。08:36Its almost as though most of gravity has gone missing.彷佛大部分的重力消失不见了。08:38We feel a little bit of it,but wheres the rest of it?我们察觉到少许重力,但其他的部分呢？08:42No one knows.没有人知道。08:45But one theoretical explanation proposes a wild solution.但有个理论提供了疯狂的解释。08:48even you in
43、the back we live in three dimensions of space.包括坐在后面的诸位 我们生活在三度空间里。08:55I hope thats a non-controversial statement.希望这并无争议。08:59(Laughter)All of the known particles also live in threedimensions of space.（笑声）所有已知的粒子也存在三度空间里。09:01In fact,a particle is just another name for an excitation in athree-dime
44、nsional field;a localized wobbling in space.事实上,粒子只是别名,是三度空间里的波动;空间中的局部晃动。09:07More importantly,all the math that we use to describe allthis stuff assumes that there are only three dimensions ofspace.更重要的是,我们用来描述所有这些玩意的数学 全都假设只有三度空间。09:15But math is math,and we can play around with our mathhowever w
45、e want.但数学就是数学,我们可以随意摆弄数学。09:21proposes:建议/提议 dimensions:n.规模,大小 non-controversial:一致的,不会引起争议的 statement:n.声明；陈述，叙述；报表，清单 excitation:n.激发,刺激;激励;激动 three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的 localized:adj.局部的;地区的;小范围的/v.定位(localize的过去分词)wobbling:adj.摇晃的;颤动的/n.摆动;颤动/v.蹒跚;晃动;踌躇(wobble的ing形式)play around:玩耍;胡搞;轻率
46、对待And people have been playing around with extra dimensionsof space for a very long time,but its always been an abstractmathematical concept.长久以来,人们一直悠游于更多维度的数学中,但仅仅是个抽象的数学概念而已。09:25I mean,just look around you you at the back,lookaround theres clearly only three dimensions of space.我的意思是,看看你们的周围 坐在后
47、面的诸位,请环顾四周 显然只有三度空间。09:32But what if thats not true?但,倘若事实并非如此呢？09:38What if the missing gravity is leaking into an extra-spatialdimension thats invisible to you and I?如果消失的重力,流入了我们看不见的第四度空间呢？09:42What if gravity is just as strong as the other forces if you wereto view it in this extra-spatial dimen
48、sion,and what you and Iexperience is a tiny slice of gravity make it seem very weak?如果重力和其他的力量同样有力,前提是增加维度来看待它;如果你我目前体验到的重力只是一小部分,所以才会看起来这么弱呢？09:51If this were true,we would have to expand our StandardModel of particles to include an extra particle,ahyperdimensional particle of gravity,a special gra
49、viton thatlives in extra-spatial dimensions.假如这是真的,我们就必须扩大粒子的标准模型,包括其他的粒子,超维度的重力粒子,存在另一度空间的重力粒子。10:04I see the looks on your faces.我注意到你们的脸上的表情。10:15You should be asking me the question,How in the world arewe going to test this crazy,science fiction idea,stuck as weare in three dimensions?你们该问我:要怎样去
50、测试这疯狂而科幻的想法呢？我们到底身处在三度空间里啊！10:16look around:游览;到处察看;到处寻找 leaking:n.漏泄,渗漏;耗散/adj.渗漏的,泄漏的/v.渗漏;泄露(leak的ing形式)graviton:n.相对高能引力子;万有吸引力 science fiction:科幻小说The way we always do,by slamming together two protons 老法子,使两个光子互撞 10:24(Laughter)Hard enough that the collision reverberates intoany extra-spatial d