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1、 Lesson 2 THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS无机化合物分类无机化合物分类第1页chemist 化学家化学家equation 方程式方程式become 适合，与相当aqueous 水radical 基，根，原子基，根，原子团团balance 天平，平衡天平，平衡acidic 酸，酸性substance 物物质质anhydride 酐酐sour 酸，酸味；变酸basic anhydride 碱碱酐酐taste 味道，气味，味味道，气味，味觉觉negative 负，阴lemon 柠柠檬檬acid radical 酸根酸根orange 柑，桔；
2、橙色柑，桔；橙色share 共享，分享共享，分享citric 柠檬transfer 转转移移citric acid 柠柠檬酸檬酸 coordinate 配位配位 citrus 柑桔属柑桔属coordinate valence 配配键键lactic 乳hydronium ion 水合水合氢氢离子离子lactic acid 乳酸乳酸词汇词汇第2页litmus 石蕊石蕊 soapy 肥皂般，滑腻 litmus paper 石蕊石蕊试纸试纸slippery 滑 dye 染料染料 neutralization 中和中和 soak 浸泡，浸浸泡，浸渍渍evaporation 蒸蒸发发 enable 使使能
3、能够够 positive 正，阳 indicator 指示指示剂剂 positive ion 正离子正离子 methyl 甲基甲基 negative ion 负负离子离子 methyl orange 甲基橙甲基橙 lattice 格子，点格子，点阵阵 phenolphthalein 酚酚酞酞 crystal lattice 晶格晶格react(with,on)反反应应 electrovalent 电价 strong acid 强强酸酸 orient 定向，取向定向，取向 ionize 离子化，离子化，电电离离 pattern 模型，形式模型，形式 bitter 苦味苦味 第3页 The Cla
4、sses of Compounds 1.Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today.It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds.Fortunately,most chemical compounds can be grouped toget
5、her in a few classes.Then,if we can properly classify a compound,we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds.For example,HCl is classed as an acid,and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct
6、 class,we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound.A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids,bases,salts,metallic oxides,or nonmetallic oxides.Of these five classes of compounds,the first three-acids,bases,and salts-are by far the most important.第4页T
7、he Classes of Compounds Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today.化合物分类化合物分类现今，化学家知道了成千上万化合物。现今，化学家知道了成千上万化合物。thousands and tens of thousands成千上万 be known to被所知chem(o)化学（）chemistry 化学 chemical 化学，化学药品 chemosynthesis 化学合成第5页 It would be impossible to learn properties
8、 and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds.假假如如依依据据个个别别化化合合物物来来了了解解这这么么多多化化合合物性质，即使其中一小部分也是不可能。物性质，即使其中一小部分也是不可能。a fraction of 一小部分on the basis of 依据,在基础上第6页 Fortunately,most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes.幸运
9、是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。幸运是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。第7页 Then,if we can properly classify a compound,we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds.那么，假如我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类，我们立那么，假如我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类，我们立刻就能从这类化合物性质来了解这个化合物普通性质。刻就能从这类
10、化合物性质来了解这个化合物普通性质。be aware of 知道，意识到第8页 For example,HCl is classed as an acid,and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class,we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound.become(be)familiar with熟悉，通晓比如，盐酸归类为酸，因为已熟悉作为不一样类别比如，盐酸归类为酸，因为已熟悉作为不一样类别酸性质，我们就会马上知道这一化
11、合物一酸性质，我们就会马上知道这一化合物一般性质。般性质。第9页 A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids,bases,salts,metallic oxides,or nonmetallic oxides.Of these five classes of compounds,the first three-acids,bases,and salts-are by far the most important.我我们们将将要要研研究究众众多多化化合合物物能能够够分分类类为为酸酸、碱碱、盐盐、
12、金金属属氧氧化化物物或或非非金金属属氧氧化化物物。这这五五类类化化合合物物中中前前三三类类酸酸、碱和盐是最主要。碱和盐是最主要。a great（good）many of 很多，大量第10页 2.When an acid,base,or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte.If no conduction of current occurs,the compound is known as a no
13、nelectrolyte.第11页 2.When an acid,base,or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte.If no conduction of current occurs,the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte.酸酸、碱碱或或盐盐溶溶于于水水中中得得到到溶溶液液是是电电流流导导体体，它它们们被被定定义义为为电电解解质质。假假如如没没有有电
14、电流流传传导导发发生生，这这种种化化合合物被称为非电解质。物被称为非电解质。conductor 导体electric current 电流term 被称作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte 电解质，非电解质第12页 3.Classification of Common Compounds By looking at the chemical formulas we may classify many common compounds in the following way.1.Acids,in the conventional sense,may be recognized
15、 by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the compound is generally nonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.2.Conventional bases have OH radicals written last in the formula.The first part of the formula is usually a metal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.3.A salt consists of a metal
16、,written first,combined with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.4.Oxides are compounds containing oxygen and only one other element.第13页 Classification of Common Compounds By looking at the chemical formulas we may classify many common compounds in the follo
17、wing way.普通化合物分类普通化合物分类 我我们们能能够够依依据据化化学学式式按按着着下下面面方方法法分分类类许许多多普普通通化合物。化合物。Class n,类别Classify Vt.分类 Classification n.分类第14页 1.Acids,in the conventional sense,may be recognized by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the compound is generally nonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4
18、,HClO.in the conventional sense按传统观念（常识）1.按按传传统统观观念念，能能够够经经过过在在分分子子式式中中将将H写写在在第第一一位位而而且且化化合合物物中中其其余余部部分分通通常常是是非非金金属属来来识识别别出出酸酸，比比如如，HCl,H2SO4,HClO。第15页 2.Conventional bases have OH radicals written last in the formula.The first part of the formula is usually a metal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.2.传传统统碱碱
19、分分子子式式中中将将OH基基写写在在最最终终面面。分分子子式式第第一一部部分分通通常常是是一一个个金金属属。比比如如，NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3。第16页 3.A salt consists of a metal,written first,combined with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.3.盐盐分分子子式式由由写写在在第第一一位位金金属属和和写写在在最最终终一一位位 非非 金金 属属 或或 原原 子子 团团 组组 成成。比比 如如，NaCl,Fe
20、2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2。第17页 4.Oxides are compounds containing oxygen and only one other element.4.氧化物是由氧和唯一一个其它元素组成化合物。氧化物是由氧和唯一一个其它元素组成化合物。第18页 4.If the element other than oxygen is a nonmetal,the oxide classed as a nonmetal oxide or an acidic anhydride.The latter name comes about because water added to
21、nonmetal oxides under certain conditions produces acids.Likewise,if water is removed from an acid containing oxygen,the acid anhydride(without water)results.第19页 If the element other than oxygen is a nonmetal,the oxide classed as a nonmetal oxide or an acidic anhydride.other than 除了，不一样于除了，不一样于anhyd
22、ride 酐酐 anhydr(o)脱水，无水，酐脱水，无水，酐 anhydration脱水，干化脱水，干化 anhydrous 无水无水 anhydroglucose脱水葡萄糖脱水葡萄糖 假假如如除除氧氧以以外外元元素素是是非非金金属属，这这种种氧氧化化物物被被称称为为非非金金属属氧化物或酸酐。氧化物或酸酐。第20页 The latter name comes about because water added to nonmetal oxides under certain conditions produces acids.酸酸酐酐名名称称起起源源于于在在一一定定条条件件下下将将水水加加到
23、到非非金金属属氧氧化物中能够生成酸。化物中能够生成酸。come about 产生，发生，出现第21页 Likewise,if water is removed from an acid containing oxygen,the acid anhydride(without water)results.一一样样，假假如如将将水水从从含含氧氧酸酸中中除除去去，就就会会生生成成酸酸酐酐（没没水）。水）。acid containing oxygen含氧酸第22页 5.The other class of oxides,metallic oxides or basic anhydrides,consi
24、st of oxygen combined with a metal.When water is added under proper conditions to basic anhydrides,bases result and vice versa.第23页 The other class of oxides,metallic oxides or basic anhydrides,consist of oxygen combined with a metal.basic anhydride 碱酐 另另一一类类氧氧化化物物，金金属属氧氧化化物物或或碱碱酐酐，由由氧氧和和一个金属组成。一个金属
25、组成。第24页 When water is added under proper conditions to basic anhydrides,bases result and vice versa.在在适适当当条条件件下下将将水水加加到到碱碱酐酐中中就就会会产产生生碱碱，反反之亦然。之亦然。vice versa 反之亦然第25页 6 Acids All acids in the conventional sense contain hydrogen,which may be replaced by metals.The negative portion of the acid molecul
26、e is composed of a nonmetal or a radical(negative valence group).These negative valence groups(except oxide and hydroxide)are often referred to acid radicals.All acids are covalent compounds in which the atoms are held together by a sharing of electrons.When an acid is dissolved in water,ions are fo
27、rmed as a result of the transfer of a hydrogen ion(proton)from the acid molecule to the water molecule-for example,第26页 Acids All acids in the conventional sense contain hydrogen,which may be replaced by metals.酸酸 按按传传统统意意义义，全全部部酸酸都都含含有有氢氢，而而且且氢氢能能够被金属取代。够被金属取代。第27页 The negative portion of the acid
28、molecule is composed of a nonmetal or a radical(negative valence group).酸酸分分子子中中负负电电部部分分由由一一个个非非金金属属或或原原子子团团(负价基团负价基团)组成。组成。Radical 根、原子团第28页 These negative valence groups(except oxide and hydroxide)are often referred to acid radicals.这这些些负负价价基基团团（除除氧氧化化物物和和氢氢氧氧化化物物外外)通常被定义为酸根。通常被定义为酸根。valence 化合价ac
29、id radicals 酸根第29页 All acids are covalent compounds in which the atoms are held together by a sharing of electrons.全全部部酸酸都都是是共共价价化化合合物物，在在化化合合物物中中原原子子经过电子共享结合在一起。经过电子共享结合在一起。covalent compounds共价化合物第30页 When an acid is dissolved in water,ions are formed as a result of the transfer of a hydrogen ion(p
30、roton)from the acid molecule to the water molecule-for example,当当酸酸溶溶于于水水中中，酸酸分分子子中中氢氢离离子子（质质子子）从从酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，比如：酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，比如：第31页 7.This is a case of coordinate valence,in which an unused pair of electrons from the water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to from a hydronium ion.The hydron
31、ium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton(H+H2O)and,while the ionization of acids in aqueous solution depends on its formation,we shall ordinarily use the simple H+in writing equations.Such equations are thereby simplified and easier to balance.第32页 This is a case of coordinate valence,in which a
32、n unused pair of electrons from the water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion.这这是是配配位位键键一一个个例例子子，在在配配位位键键中中水水分分子子中中未未被使用电子对同氢离子结合形成水合氢离子。被使用电子对同氢离子结合形成水合氢离子。coordinate valence 配位键 combine with 与结合hydronium ion 水合氢离子第33页 The hydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton
33、(H+H2O)and,while the ionization of acids in aqueous solution depends on its formation,we shall ordinarily use the simple H+in writing equations.Such equations are thereby simplified and easier to balance.水水合合氢氢离离子子是是一一个个含含水水氢氢离离子子或或质质子子(H+H2O)，而而且且酸酸经经过过形形成成水水合合氢氢离离子子在在水水溶溶液液中中电电离离，在在书书写写方方程程式式时时，我我
34、们们通通常常写写成成简简单单H+。所所以以，方方程程式式被被简简化化了，而且更轻易配平。了，而且更轻易配平。hydronium ion=hydrated hydrogen ion 水合氢离子Hydrate 与水化合；Hydrated 与水化合，含水Ionization 离子化、电离Equations 方程式Thereby 所以第34页 8.The chief characteristic of an acid is its ability to furnish hydrogen ions(protons);therefore,an acid is usually defined as a su
35、bstance which may furnish protons.第35页 The chief characteristic of an acid is its ability to furnish hydrogen ions(protons);therefore,an acid is usually defined as a substance which may furnish protons.furnish 提供，供给 be defined as 定义为 酸酸主主要要性性质质是是能能够够提提供供氢氢离离子子（质质子子），所所以以，酸通常被定义为能够提供质子物质。酸通常被定义为能够提供质
36、子物质。第36页 9.Properties of Acids.In general,aqueous solutions of acids are characterized by the following properties:1.They have a sour taste.Lemons,oranges,and other citrus fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid;the taste of sour milk is due to the presence of lactic acid.2.They t
37、urn blue litmus paper red.Litmus is a dye which has a red color in acid solution and a blue color in basic solution;paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as litmus paper.Substances of this type,which enable us to determine whether a given solution is acid or basic,are called indicator
38、s.Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are other indicators frequently used by chemists.3.They react with certain metals to produce hydrogen.Reactions of this type were studied in connection with the preparation of hydrogen.4.They react with bases to produce salts and water.第37页 Properties of Acids.In
39、general,aqueous solutions of acids are characterized by the following properties:酸性质。通常，酸水溶液含有下面性质：酸性质。通常，酸水溶液含有下面性质：aqueous 水 properties 性质第38页 1.They have a sour taste.Lemons,oranges,and other citrus fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid;the taste of sour milk is due to the pr
40、esence of lactic acid.1.它它们们有有酸酸味味。柠柠檬檬、橙橙子子和和其其它它柑柑桔桔属属水水果果因因为为含含有有柠柠檬檬酸酸而而有有酸酸味味；酸酸牛牛奶酸味是因为乳酸存在。奶酸味是因为乳酸存在。第39页 2.They turn blue litmus paper red.Litmus is a dye which has a red color in acid solution and a blue color in basic solution;paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as litmus
41、 paper.2.它它们们使使蓝蓝色色石石蕊蕊试试纸纸变变红红。石石蕊蕊是是一一个个在在酸酸溶溶液液中中显显红红色色，在在碱碱溶溶液液中中显显蓝蓝色色染染料料；已已经经被被浸浸渍在石蕊中纸称为石蕊试纸。渍在石蕊中纸称为石蕊试纸。第40页 Substances of this type,which enable us to determine whether a given solution is acid or basic,are called indicators.Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are other indicators frequentl
42、y used by chemists.enable to 使能够Indicators 指示剂Methyl orange 甲基橙 phenolphthalein 酚肽 能能够够用用来来确确定定某某一一特特定定溶溶液液是是酸酸性性或或碱碱性性这这类类物物质质称称为为指指示示剂剂。甲甲基基橙橙和和酚酚酞酞是是经经常常被被化化学学家家使使用用另另一一些些指指示示剂。剂。第41页 3.They react with certain metals to produce hydrogen.Reactions of this type were studied in connection with the p
43、reparation of hydrogen.4.They react with bases to produce salts and water.3.它它们们和和一一些些金金属属反反应应产产生生氢氢气气。这这类类反反应应在在氢氢气气制备方面被研究。制备方面被研究。4.它们和碱反应生成盐和水。它们和碱反应生成盐和水。in connection with 与相关，在.方面第42页 10.Common strong acids are H2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,and HI.Most other acids are generally only partially ionized an
44、d consequently only moderately strong or weak.第43页 Common strong acids are H2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,and HI.Most other acids are generally only partially ionized and consequently only moderately strong or weak.普普通通强强酸酸有有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和和 HI。大大多多数数其其它酸通常只部分电离，所以它们只是中强酸或弱酸。它酸通常只部分电离，所以它们只是中强酸或弱酸。第44页 11.B
45、ases All metallic hydroxides are classed as conventional bases.Of the common bases only NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are appreciably soluble in water.If these compounds are dissolved in water,the OH-is common to all of their solutions.第45页 Bases All metallic hydroxides are classed as conventional ba
46、ses.Of the common bases only NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are appreciably soluble in water.If these compounds are dissolved in water,the OH-is common to all of their solutions.appreciably 略微，有一点 全全部部金金属属氢氢氧氧化化物物被被归归类类为为传传统统碱碱。在在普普通通碱碱中中，只只有有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2 和和 Ba(OH)2 略略微微可可溶溶于于水水。假假如这些化合物溶于水中，均产生如这
47、些化合物溶于水中，均产生OH-。第46页 An aqueous solution of NH3 is also classed as a base,since OH-ions are present in the solution.NH3水水溶溶液液也也归归类类为为碱碱，这这是是因因为在水溶液中存在为在水溶液中存在OH-。第47页 12.In each of these compounds we find a combination of a metal(or NH4)with the hydroxide group.Just as the characteristic part of an
48、acid is hydrogen ion,so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion,OH-.Later the concept of a base will be extended to include substances which do not furnish hydroxide ions in solution.第48页 In each of these compounds we find a combination of a metal(or NH4)with the hyd
49、roxide group.我我们们发发觉觉这这些些化化合合物物中中每每一一个个都都由由一一个个金属（或金属（或NH4）和氢氧根组成）和氢氧根组成。第49页 Just as the characteristic part of an acid is hydrogen ion,so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion,OH-.正正如如酸酸特特征征部部分分是是氢氢离离子子，碱碱在在水水溶溶液液中中特特征征部分是氢氧根离子，部分是氢氧根离子，OH-。Just as,so正如那样第50页 Lat
50、er the concept of a base will be extended to include substances which furnish hydroxide ions in solution.以以后后，碱碱概概念念被被扩扩展展到到包包含含在在溶溶液液中中没没有有提提供供氢氧根离子物质。氢氧根离子物质。第51页 13.Properties of Bases.In general,water solutions of metallic hydroxides(bases)exhibit the following properties.1.Bitter taste.2.Soapy