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1、Specialty English for Iron&Steel Metallurgy Xu-ling Chen（陈许玲）（陈许玲）E-mail： Mobile telephone：13808454610 QQ number：413645166第1页Teaching Purpose掌握钢铁冶金工程基本掌握钢铁冶金工程基本专业英语词汇专业英语词汇，能够阅读钢铁，能够阅读钢铁冶金及相关行业英文文件，及时掌握国外相关领域发冶金及相关行业英文文件，及时掌握国外相关领域发展动态和新技术。提升展动态和新技术。提升翻译技巧翻译技巧和分析难句能力，正和分析难句能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业英文资料译成汉字
2、，初确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业英文资料译成汉字，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文能力和英语听说能力。步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文能力和英语听说能力。第2页Teaching ContentTheories and Technics of AgglomerationTheories and Technics of IronmakingTheories and Technics of SteelmakingIntroduction of Iron and Steel Industry in World第3页Section Agglomeration 1.1 Trends in Agglomeratio
3、n 1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing 1.1.2 Location of sintering and pelletizing plants 1.1.3 Future developments 1.2.Modern Agglomeration Practice 1.2.1 Sintering 1.2.2 Pelletizing造块SinteringPelletizingBriquetting第4页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing Sinte
4、r production grew slowly from its inception,in 1911,to the commencement of the Second World War,reaching six million tons in both the U.S.A.and the U.S.S.R.by 1940.Pelletizing commenced much later,in the early 1950s in the U.S.A.and not until the middle 1960s in the U.S.S.R.The growth of sinter and
5、pellet production in these two countries,and of sinter production in the U.K.,is shown in Figure 1.1.第5页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing The following aims have resulted in the growth of sintering and pelletizing in these and other countries:(l)To improve the size g
6、rading and the reducibility of the furnace burden without wasting the ore fines.(2)To utilize certain waste products containing iron,e.g.blast-furnace flue dust.(3)To minimize the quantity of volatile matter charged to the furnace.(4)To utilize fine concentrates produced from low-grade ores.(5)To en
7、able ore fines and concentrates to be processed at or near the mine site and thus to enhance the value of exported ore.粒度组成size/grain distribution;size composition;dimension ratiocause；lead to；bring about第6页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing Both sintering and pelleti
8、zing enable item 1 to be accomplished.Pelletizing is superior in that the final product size is more closely controlled but there is no evidence to suggest that the close size-grading of pellets enables either the output or the thermal efficiency of a blast furnace to be better than that which can b
9、e obtained using sinter.Sinter plants are better suited than pellet plants for utilizing waste materials,and in certain American works which use high proportions of pellets,the sinter plant has been reduced almost to the role of processor of waste materials and calciner of flux.However,a pelletizing
10、 plant has been built in Italy solely to process pyrites residues,a by-product from the sulphur industry,and in Canada pellets are produced from the by-products of the non-ferrous industry.煅烧；熔剂硫铁矿烧渣硫；有色第7页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing Volatiles are contained in
11、the flux and also,to a lesser extent,in certain ores.The addition of limestone to the sinter mix to produce a fluxed sinter,(basicity l.0-1.4)has been practised for many years,and more recently super-fluxed inters with basicities as high as 3.0-4.0 have been made.The use of such sinters enables a mi
12、xture of ores,or pellets,and sinter to be used as blast-furnace burden with only a minimum of raw(uncalcined)flux.It has also been common practice for some years to sinter low-grade ores of high volatile content.This has greatly improved furnace operation in those regions of the United Kingdom and W
13、estern Europe where such ores are the basis of ironmaking.calcium carbonate burnt lime 生石灰；dolomite 白云石；olivine 橄榄石；serpentine 蛇纹石；magnesite 菱镁石第8页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing Two pellet plants in North America have been built to process limonite ore at the mine
14、 and so ship a richer product,in a more desirable physical state,to the steelworks.Fluxed pellets have been made and charged to the blast furnace,but only in relatively small quantities,and it is too early to assess their behaviour in the blast furnace.It is unlikely,however,that it would be economi
15、cally justifiable to transport flux to the pelletizing plant and then ship it,as part of the fluxed pellet,for a considerable distance to the steelworks.Limonite 褐铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿；Magnetite 磁铁矿；Siderite 菱铁矿；Goethite 针铁矿第9页Section Agglomeration1.1.1 The growth of sintering and pelletizing Pelletizing w
16、as developed initially as a method of processing fine concentrates.Extensive tests were carried-out in the U.S.A.around 1950 to develop ways of agglomerating the fine concentrates obtained from taconites（铁燧石）（铁燧石）.Both sintering and nodulizing were tried and abandoned as less suitable than pelletizi
17、ng.The widespread development of low-grade ore bodies in the U.S.A.,Canada and elsewhere,in the 1950s and 1960s,provided the stimulus for the growth of pelletizing capacity which is shown in Figure 1.2.More recently a number of pellet plants have been built to produce pellets from high-grade ore fin
18、es.This enhances the value of the product.第10页1.1.2 Location of sintering and pelletizing plants Sintering is always likely to be carried out at the steelworks.Sinter does not withstand handing very well,and the less the handling between the sinter plant and the blast furnace,the better.Added to thi
19、s is the fact that certain of the raw materials,e.g.flue dust and coke breeze,arise within the works.On the other hand,pelletizing is likely to be carried out at or near the mine site.There are some exceptions to this;at Chiba,the Kawasaki（川崎）（川崎）Steel Company commenced making pellets in 1953.The fi
20、ne ore used in the works was divided into two streams,that most suited to pelletizing,e.g.fine concentrates,and that most suited to sintering,e.g.the undersize from ore screening.It was claimed that in this way sintering practice was improved and the pre-treatment of the pelletizing mix was minimize
21、d.Pellet plants have been built at two other Japanese works and another has been built in Holland.However,the vast majority of new plants are being built at or near the mines.Pelletizing works most effectively if the raw material feed is consistent,and this can more easily be ensured if the pellet p
22、lant and the mine are closely linked.There is also an understandable desire on the part of the exporting country to provide a more valuable material.The data on page 12 gives an example of the difference in value between pellets and the ore fines from which they were produced.第11页Figure 1.2 World pe
23、llet capacity It is dangerous to predict future developments from what has happened in the past.However,certain trends are fairly clear.Sintering will continue to be important.The increasing emphasis on a closely sized burden renders it inevitable that ore and pellet screenings will continue to be p
24、roduced at the steelworks.It is most improbable that all the fines arising at the mines will be pelletized before dispatch.It is much more likely that a balance will always be maintained between fines sold relatively cheaply and the more expensive pellets.Add to this the necessity for utilizing wast
25、e materials arising in the steelworks,e.g.flue dust,and the desire to calcine the flux before charging it to the furnace,and the future of sintering appears to be assured.The only developments which could upset this would be the development of a new agglomeration process or a modification of the pel
26、letizing process which enables it to accommodate a coarser feed.The only new process which has appeared over the horizon in recent years is hot briquetting,and this has not fulfilled its earlier hopes.Recent work has established that pellets can be made from certain ore mixes without having all the
27、input finely ground,but some grinding is still necessary and not all ore mixes are suitable for this type of pelletizing operation.This work has not been carried out on a large scale and the behaviour of such pellets in the blast furnace has not been investigated.1.1.3.1 Status of sintering and pell
28、etizing第12页Section Agglomeration Pelletizing also appears to have an assured future.Taking a long-term view,an increasing proportion of the blast-furnace burden is likely to come from low-grade deposits.These can be pelletized most conveniently at or near the mine and shipped in the processed form.I
29、t is also probable that the present trend of pelletizing part of the ore-rich fines before selling will continue.It is not possible to predict how the overall balance between sintering and pelletizing will change with time.In any case it is likely to vary greatly from country to country,and both pro
30、cesses could eventually be rendered unnecessary by radical new developments in ironmaking.1.1.3.1 Status of sintering and pelletizing第13页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.2 Metallized agglomerates The aim in recent years has been to minimize the metallurgical load on the blast furnace.This has resulted in
31、limiting the chemical operations to be performed to the reduction of iron oxides,together with small quantities of other oxides,and slag formation.The volume of slag has been reduced to the necessary minimum so that the heat needed for melting has been minimized.The main thermal load is the energy r
32、equired for reducing iron oxide,and the work to be done in the blast furnace would be reduced if part of the oxygen was removed before charging.Because of the operating conditions within the blast furnace,reducing the higher oxides to ferrous oxide does not lower the blast-furnace fuel consumption.T
33、o achieve this it is necessary to reduce at least a proportion of the iron to the metallic state.第14页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.2 Metallized agglomerates It is not possible to make highly reduced sinter by increasing the coke content of the mix.The higher bed temperatures obtained,and the reducing a
34、tmosphere,lead to the production of a high proportion of partly reduced ferruginous slag.On the other hand,highly reduced(metallized)pellets can be produced by modifications of the normal hardening procedure.Metallized pellets can be made from fired oxidized pellets,but it is also possible to harden
35、 the green pellets under reducing conditions to produce the metallized pellets in one operation.Two methods are being used commercially,a horizontal rotary kiln and a vertical-shaft kiln.第15页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.2 Metallized agglomerates The SL/RN process uses a horizontal rotary kiln.Green or
36、 fired pellets and a solid fuel-fine coal or coke-and fine flux are fed into the rotary drum.The solids travel through the drum counter-current to the combustion gases from a gas-or oil-fired burner located in the exit from the drum.The reduced pellets are cooled in a second drum,and separated from
37、the spent flux and excess solid fuel.Figure 1.3 shows the layout of an SL/RN plant.Commercial plants have been built in New Zealand,South Korea and Canada.第16页Figure 1.3.The SL/RN processSection AgglomerationSponge iron第17页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.2 Metallized agglomerates A number of shaft-furnac
38、e processes have been developed.In the Wiberg process,fired oxidized pellets are reduced in a shaft by gases produced in an electrically heated gas carburizer.In the Midland Ross shaft process(Midrex process),fired oxidized pellets are reduced in a shaft by gases produced by reforming methane(甲烷甲烷).
39、The same method of producing reducing gases is used in the Purofer process,but here the intention is to use unfired green pellets and to reduce and harden in the same operation.Commercial shaft-furnace plants are in operation or under construction in Sweden,Japan,the U.S.A.,and Germany.Metallized ag
40、glomerates can also be produced by reducing fine iron ore,for example in fluidized beds,and briquetting the product.A commercial plant using this method has been built in Venezuela.第18页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.2 Metallized agglomerates Metallized pellets have only been used as a blast furnace burd
41、en for short trial periods.The results were encouraging in that outputs rose and coke rates fell,but the economic advantages are very doubtful.Whilst metallized agglomerates may be used to a limited extent as a blast-furnace feed,it seems likely that,in the main,they will be melted and refined direc
42、tly to steel,thus by-passing the blast furnace altogether.In this case,the manufacture of metallized pellets becomes an alternative ironmaking process like those described in Chapter 3.This is borne out practically,since most of the processes for making metallized pellets can also operate using size
43、d ore which,when reduced,is melted and refined to steel.第19页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.3 Technical bases of sinter and pellet-plant design and operation Before 1945 little was known of the basic principles underlying the sintering process,and the design,construction and operation of sinter plants wa
44、s largely based on experience.In the next fifteen years or so great efforts were made to rectify this position.Laboratory studies were carried out aimed at elucidating the basic theory,both chemical and physical,and pilot-plant studies and investigations on commercial plants were made to provide a b
45、asis for plant design and operation.During this period,work was carried out in many countries in universities,research associations,steelworks and by plant manufacturers.Interchange of information was good and the results were rapidly incorporated into the design and operation of sinter plants.Three
46、 international meetings were held during this periodin London in 1953,in Paris in 1957,and in Philadelphia in 1961which provided useful opportunities for the exchange of information.第20页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.3 Technical bases of sinter and pellet-plant design and operation At about the same tim
47、e,the basic research and development which led to the establishment of the pelletizing industry was being carried out.Much of the basic work was carried out in the University of Minnesota and later by Jernkontoret in Sweden.As soon as it had been proved that pelletizing was of potential commercial i
48、mportance,i.e.by the early 1940s,the American(and later the European)plant manufacturers carried out on the mechanism of balling and on the problems connected with heat for the commercial exploitation of the idea.During this period,basic studies were carried out on the mechanism of balling and on th
49、e problems connected with heat flow during pellet firing.第21页Section Agglomeration1.1.3.3 Technical bases of sinter and pellet-plant design and operation At the present time,the design and operation of both sinter and pellet plants are firmly based on an understanding of basic factors which control
50、the processes.The basic theory is discussed in the early chapters of each section,and the application of this theory to construction and operation of commercial plants is considered in later chapters.第22页Section Agglomeration1.2.Modern Agglomeration Practice 1.2.1 Sintering 1.2.2 Pelletizing第23页Sect